Questions tagged [formal-languages]
The study of formal languages (sets of strings or trees over an alphabet), rewriting systems and algorithms, recognition automata/algorithms, and related questions.
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Satisfiability problem for FOL[<,R]
Let FOL[<,R] be the fragment of first-order logic enriched with two relational symbols < and R and the first-order axioms that say:
< is a strict partial order and R is an irreflexive and ...
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Existential quantification over regular predicates
A regular language over an alphabet $\Sigma$ is a subset of the set of all words over $\Sigma$ that can be accepted by some finite automaton. A regular language identifies a certain property of ...
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Is complement of LL(k) grammar context free?
Is complement of LL(k) grammar context free?
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Büchi automata with acceptance strategy [closed]
I have already asked this question on cstheory.stackexchange, but without success. Maybe it is too close to an "open problem", although it is not a famous one. Anyway I try here, I can ...
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Translate a buchi automaton to LTL
How can I translate a Büchi automaton A to LTL(linear temporal logic) if $L(A)$ is definable in the LTL?
MY idea is : Büchi automaton $A$ ===> QPTL ===> LTL
I know that given any Buchi ...
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Notation for ends of a string
I work now a lot with strings of characters and other finite sequences and found that I need many times a good notation for "cutting the end" a string. If $a$ is a finite sequence and $a'$ is its ...
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Question about $\omega$-regular languages
As most of you already know, in model checking most linear-time properties are either safety properties or liveness properties. A linear time property is usually described with an $\omega$-regular ...
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Certain type of regular languages
Dear All,
there is one type of regular languages, over $\{a,b\}$, which appear naturally in what I am studying, so if anybody could recognise them, or say any sort of their characterisation, that ...
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Eilenberg's rational hiererchy of nonrational automata & languages — where is it now?
In the preface to his very influential books Automata, Languages and Machines (Volumes A, B), Samuel Eilenberg tantalizingly promised Volumes C and D dealing with "a hierarchy (called the rational ...
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Are context-free languages with context-free complements necessarily deterministic context-free?
Let $L \subseteq A^\star$ be a formal language over $A$ generated by a context-free grammar, and $L' = A^\star - L$ be the relative complement in $A^\star$.
If $L$ and $L'$ are both context-free, are ...
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any given c.e.set has number M whose power bounds the corresponding elements of S?
For S ,any given c.e.set,does there exist a M (integer) and a partially computable function outputing every element of S the c.e.set ,such that $\forall x\in S,\exists n x=f(n)$ and $x=f(n)\leq ...
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Study of free monoids of the recursive S. Eilenberg.
Compared to the usual treatises on recursion (eg, Rogers H. "Computability and Undecidability." McGraw-Hill, New York) the book of Samuel Eilenberg & Calvin C. Elgot "Recursiveness" treats such ...
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Can you hide a letter without losing information?
Consider the following game between Alice and Bob.
$\Sigma$ is a finite nonempty alphabet, $\Delta \notin \Sigma$ denotes
a special symbol, and $k > 0$ is a positive integer constant representing
...
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When may function (meromorphic) be expanded as power series with coefficients of integers
Let $F$ be meromorphic function, with what properties may it be expanded as power series with coefficients of integers in such a form:
$$F=\sum_0^{\infty}a_i x^i,a_i\in \mathbb{N} \bigcup 0,\exists M \...
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The intersection of Block Groups and R-trivial (finite) monoids
Let $\textbf{BG}$ be the pseudovariety of block groups, also known as $\textbf{EJ}, \textbf{PG},\ldots,\text{etc.}$(see [1]), and let $\textbf{R}$ be the pseudovariety of R-trivial monoids, by the ...
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Finite variation and idempotent languages and automata
Let $L$ be a regular language over alphabet $\Sigma$ and let $A:=(Q,\Sigma,\delta, q_0, F)$ be the minimal DFA recognizing $L$. For every $w\in \Sigma^*$ define the variation of $w$ w.r.t. $L$ by
$$\...
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On the boundedness of linear representations of formal power series of languages.
Let $\Sigma$ be a finite non-empty set of symbols (i.e. an alphabet). Fix $\pi, \eta\in\mathbb{R}^{1\times m}$ and for every $\sigma\in\Sigma $ fix $A(\sigma)\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times m}$.
We also ...
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density of formal language?
let $\sum_0^n l_i x^i$ and $\sum_0^n 2^i x^i$ be generating function of L a given language and the closure over alphabet $\Sigma= \{0,1 \}$ when $n\to\infty$.
let$$D=\frac{\sum_0^n l_i }{\sum_0^n 2^...
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What is the conditional probability or probablity of classes of languages?
What is the conditional probability or probability of classes of languages?
Let $E,C,S,F,R $ be the class of computably enumerable languages,computable languagesl,context-sensitive anguages,context-...
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Are inference laws consistent?
Please forgive me if this question sounds too naive... Well, in mathematics a formal theory consists of a collection of axioms $T$ (such as Peano arithmetics, or Group Theory, or ZFC), which ...
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Growth zeta-functions of regular languages
Dear All,
my following question may be known and ought to be known, so in case it is folklore please could you give me the references.
To start, it is obvious that growth of rational languages are ...
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Given a PDA M such that L(M) is in DCFL construct a DPDA N such that L(N) = L(M)
Is it possible to construct an algorithm which takes as input a pushdown automaton $M$ along with the information that the language accepted by this automaton $L(M)$ is a deterministic context-free ...
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word problem in free Burnside groups (and other torsion groups)
Question 1. Is it known that for some free Burnside groups the word problem is undecidable?
Provided that the answer is negative, what about the following easier question.
Question 2. Is there a ...
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Which Turing machines accept the language of trivial words in a finitely presented group?
Let $G$ be a finitely presented group with generators $g_1, g_1^{-1},\ldots, g_n, g_n^{-1}$. Let $L(G)$ be the language of all those words in $g_1, \ldots, g_n$ which represent the trivial element of $...
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REGULAR TM is undecidable [closed]
I'm sure you all are familiar with Theorem 5.3 from Sipser's TOC book:
S = "On input (M,w) where M is a TM and w is a string:
1. Construct the code of TM M2 as follows:
M2 = "On input x:
(a) If x = ...
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Parsing of Stochastic Contex-Free Grammars (SCFGs)
I am interested in parsing of general SCFGs.
I am aware of the Earley parser for the general CFGs. The only general algorithm for parsing SCFGs that I am aware of is the Earley-Stolcke parser : http:/...
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Status of an open problem about semilinear sets
In his book "The Mathematical Theory of Context-Free Languages" (1966), Ginsburg mentioned the following open problem:
Find a decision procedure for determining if an arbitrary semilinear set
is a ...
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Complementation of $\omega$-regular languages in reverse mathematics
Does anyone know where Büchi's theorem that $\omega$-regular languages are closed under complementation fits into the reverse-mathematics classification scheme? That is, is it equivalent over $\...
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Predicates of infinite arity
Infinitary logic considers languages being infinite by infinite conjunctions and disjunctions.
I wonder why it not considers languages being infinite by relations and functions of infinite arity.
...
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Can a polynomial size CFG describe the finite language \{$w \pi(w)$ : $\pi(w)$ is fixed string permutation, $|w|=n$ is fixed\} over alphabet \{0,1\}?
Can a polynomial size Context free grammar describe the finite language {$w \pi(w)$ : $\pi(w)$ is fixed string permutation, $|w|=n$ is fixed} over alphabet of {0,1}?
One case this is possible is when ...
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palindromic subsequences
I'd like any insight or references to the following two conjectures (see the glossary below for definitions):
Conjecture 1: For any string $x$, there exists a longest common subsequence of $x$ and ...
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A special class of regular languages: "circular" languages. Is it known?
We can define a subclass of the regular languages. Fix an alphabet $\Sigma$. Define the "circular" languages (actually, the name already exists to denote a different thing it seems, used in the field ...
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'Closure' of CFLs under complementation and intersection
Consider two context-free languages $L_1, L_2$. Of course, $L_1 - L_2, L_1\cap L_2, \bar{L}_1$, etc. are not necessarily context-free, but they are context-sensitive (the second is easy, the other two ...
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Graph properties: definability and decidability
[This is a side question to Supervenience in mathematics.]
There are graph properties that are not FO-definable, but MSO-, TC-, or LFP-definable. There may be other graph properties that are not MSO-,...
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Can regular expressions be made unambiguous?
When investigating regular languages, regular expressions are obviously a useful characterisation, not least because they are amenable to nice inductions. On the other hand ambiguity can get in the ...
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How to characterize a Self-avoiding path.
I cannot find any answer to that apparently simple problem :
On a square lattice, a path is given by a sequence of relative moves in {"move forward", "turn right" and "turn left"}.
Is there a rule ...
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A polynomial-time algorithm for deciding whether a language has a polynomial time algorithm
Let $L$ be a language in $NP$. Then are there any results on whether there exists a polynomial-time algorithm (polynomial in the length of the description of $L$) to decide whether $L \in P$? Are ...
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A language complete for NP intersection co-NP
Hi,
Is there any language $L$ know to be complete for $NP \cap co-NP$, i.e. any language $L^{\prime} \in NP\cap co-NP$ reduces in polynomial-time to $L$ and it is known that $L\in NP\cap co-NP$?
...
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Semantics of Higher-Order Logics
I've been trying to get to grips with the various semantics commonly discussed in formal logic. Specifically, the nature and role of interpretations of first and higher-order logics is slightly ...
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What is the relation between the number syntactic congruence classes, and the number of Nerode relation classes?
For a monoid $M$ and a subset $S$ of $M$, define the syntactic congruence $\equiv_S$ of $S$ as the least congruence on $M$ that saturates $S$, i.e. :
$$u \equiv_S v \Leftrightarrow (\forall x, y)[xuy \...
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To what extent MSO = WS1S, when adding relations?
Let me first clarify my definitions. For a word $w \in \Sigma^*$, with $\Sigma=\{a_1, \ldots, a_n\}$, I define two structures:
$${\mathbb{N}}(w) = \langle {\mathbb{N}}, <, Q_{a_1}, \ldots, Q_{a_n} ...
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Vocabulary on monoid periodicity
I'm learning about periodic languages, and I'm confused over the vocabulary used to describe the periodicity of (syntactic) monoids.
If I understand correctly, a monoid M is periodic if :
$$(\forall ...
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Can I have an LL grammar for every deterministic context free language?
Every deterministic context free grammar can be represented by a LR(1) grammar, so this question can be rephrased as: can I build an equivalent LL(k) grammar from every LR(k) grammar? Can I have an ...
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Building optimal rewriting rules.
Please give me some pointers where I can learn more about the following problem:
I have two alphabets A and B. A have a dictionary which contains words in A together with their translation in B (ie. ...
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Is there a formal notion of what we do when we 'Let X be ...'?
This is likely an elementary question to logicians or theoretical computer scientists, but I'm less than adequately informed on either topic and don't know where to find the answer. Please excuse the ...
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Context free grammar + functions = ?
If you start with the rules for building a context-free grammar and extend them by allowing left-hand nonterminals to be functions of one or more arguments, does that go beyond the definition of a ...
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Proof formalization
I read some time ago some papers about proof formalization. Typically, I began whith this one, from Lamport.
Are there more recent works in this field ?
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Theory interpreted in non-set domain of discourse may be consistent?
Following the blow. I will try to ask question in order to check if I well understand what was pointed. I decide to ask another question, because mathoverflow is not projected to be good environment ...
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Is my definition of a context algebra new?
In my DPhil thesis, I defined what I called a context algebra as a model of meaning in natural language. The idea is to mathematically formalise the notion that meaning is determined by context. It ...
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Automatic groups - recent progress
Epstein's (et al.) "Word Processing in Groups" is a quite comprehensive monograph on automatic groups, finite automata in geometric group theory, specific examples like braid groups, fundamental ...