Questions tagged [forcing]
Forcing is a method first used to prove the continuum hypothesis is independent of the classical axioms of set theory
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Examples of ZFC theorems proved via forcing
This is an old suggestion of Joel David Hamkins at the end of his answer to this question: Forcing as a tool to prove theorems
I just noticed it while trying to understand his answer. But indeed it ...
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Diamonds on supercompact $\kappa$ after a $\kappa$-c.c. forcing
Let $\kappa$ be supercompact. Then the (supercompact) Laver diamond holds at $\kappa$: There is $f:\kappa\to V_\kappa$ such that for all $\lambda\geq \kappa$ and $x\in H(\lambda^+)$ there is $j:V\to M$...
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Forcing equivalence and equal generic extensions
Two forcing notions $\Bbb P$ and $\Bbb Q$ could be defined to be forcing equivalent if the associated complete Boolean algebras are isomorphic (so, the CBA's formed by considering the regular opens of ...
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Consistency of Sigma-V-2 uniformization with AD
Is ZF + AD consistent with: For every real $r$, every true $Σ^V_2(r)$ statement has a $Δ^V_2(r)$ example?
DC is provable in ZF + every true $Σ^V_2$ statement has a $Δ^V_2$ example (i.e. witness). ...
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Destroying scales
Suppose $\lambda$ is a cardinal with uncountable cofinality and $C\subseteq\lambda$ is a club of ordertype cf$(\lambda)$. Let $f=\langle f_\xi\mid\xi<\lambda^+\rangle$ be a scale consisting of ...
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Iteration of $\aleph_2$-properness
Let us say a forcing $P$ is proper for a class of models $\mathcal C$, if for large enough regular $\theta$ and $M \prec H_\theta$ in $\mathcal C$ with $P \in M$, every $p \in P \cap M$ can be ...
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Czelakowski's claimed proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture
It seems like the article "The Twin Primes Conjecture is True in the Standard Model of Peano Arithmetic: Applications of Rasiowa–Sikorski Lemma in Arithmetic (I)" by Janusz Czelakowski ...
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Complexity of $Σ_n$ theory of $H(ω_2)$ under MM$^{++}$
Complexity of $Σ_n$ theory of $H(ω_2)$ under MM$^{++}$
Under Woodin's $\mathbb{P}_\text{max}$ axiom (which is implied by MM$^{++}$), what is the complexity of the $Σ_n$ theory of $H(ω_2)$? Same ...
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Partial uniformization under AD
Under ZF + AD, and especially $\text{AD}^+$, even if uniformization fails for reals, in some ways it must almost hold.
For a notion of small, we say that uniformization holds on a co-small set of ...
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Are Cohen Generics Minimal Covers?
Are Cohen generics (in $2^\omega$) minimal covers?
I'm ultimately interested in this question for some more effective notion of forcing but I realized I wasn't sure how to show this even assuming full ...
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Stably embedded clone
Let $M$ be a first-order structure, considered as an element of the ambient set-theoretic universe $V$.
Clearly, for any $L_{\infty,\infty}$-formula $\varphi(\bar x)$ (with $\bar x$ finite, say) in ...
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How can I force the continuum to be weakly compact?
Since the continuum has to be a regular/singular uncountable cardinal, and since by Easton Theorem it can be anything we want it to be, what is the forcing that makes the continuum a weakly compact ...
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Forcing axiom for Mathias forcing
Given a poset $\mathbb{P}$, let $\mathsf{FA}(\kappa,\mathbb{P})$ denote the assertion that for every family of dense sets $\mathcal{D}$ with $|\mathcal{D}| = \kappa$, there is a filter $G \subseteq \...
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Proper Forcing Axiom for $|\mathbb{P}| \leq \mathfrak{c}$
Let $\mathsf{PFA}(\mathfrak{c})$ denote the Proper Forcing Axiom (PFA) restricted to posets $|\mathbb{P}| \leq \mathfrak{c}$. I think $\mathsf{PFA}(\mathfrak{c}) \implies \mathfrak{c} = \aleph_2$, but ...
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What is the forcing $\bf U$ from Bartoszyński-Judah?
In Set Theory - on the structure of the Real Line by Bartoszyński & Judah, a forcing notion $\bf U$ is mentioned on page 339, allegedly corresponding to $\rm{cof}(\cal N)$ as it has several ...
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Is the poset in the following construction stationary $\aleph_{\alpha + 2}$-linked?
Definition: A poset P is $\mathbf{stationary}$ $\kappa^{+}$-$\mathbf{linked}$ if for every sequence of conditions $(p_{\gamma} | \gamma < \kappa^{+})$, there is a regerssive function $f: \kappa^{+} ...
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A version of determinacy for all sets
Under ZF + AD, some games are undetermined because of lack of choice. In fact, the axiom of choice is equivalent to determinacy of games of length 2. However, we can ask whether the lack of choice ...
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When can power sets be limit cardinals?
My original question (posted in here at the Math.SE) was:
Is it possible to create a model of ZFC, so that the cardinality of each power set is a limit cardinal (as opposed to GCH where they are ...
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$Δ^1_3$ reals in transitive models
Every real number is $Δ^1_2$ in some $ω$-model of ZFC\P. I am looking for analogous statements for $Δ^1_3$ definability and transitive models, where the situation is more subtle.
What is the ...
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When can we add choice to a model of ZF
For countable transitive models of ZF, is existence of a ZFC extension with the same height a first order property?
In other words, is there a statement $τ$ (in the language of set theory) such that ...
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Example of a forcing notion with finite-predecessor condition that does not add reals
This question seems very basic but I cannot seem to find any literature on it.
Let $\mathbb{P}$ be a forcing notion. If $p$ is a condition of $\mathbb{P}$, define the predecessor set of $p$ to be $$\{...
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Intuitionistic set-theoretic geology
Work in ZF, if there are proper class many supercompact cardinals, then all grounds are uniformly definable. Hence under reasonable assumption, we can have choiceless set-theoretic geology.
But can we ...
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Does this mixed-support product have the countable approximation property?
Recall that a forcing order $\mathbb{P}$ has the countable approximation property if for any $\mathbb{P}$-generic filter $G$ and any $x\in V[G]$, if $x\cap y\in V$ for any countable $y\in V$, $x\in V$....
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$L(\mathbb{R})$-absoluteness from a proper class of Woodins: source?
For a paper I'm writing I need to use (as a blackbox) the following theorem: if there is a proper class of Woodin cardinals and $G$ is set-generic, then $L(\mathbb{R})$ and $L(\mathbb{R})^{V[G]}$ are ...
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closure of separative quotients
Does there exist a partial order, nontrivial for forcing, that is countably closed, but whose separative quotient is not countably closed? Supposing the answer is yes, then is there a partial order, ...
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Inner model of "CH + large cardinals" that satisfies MM?
I've been told that if $V$ has CH and large cardinals, then there is an inner model in which MM holds. The sketch is as follows:
Any $\Sigma^2_1$ sentence that can be forced is already true in such $V$...
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Coherent sequence of ultrafilters in iterated forcing extensions
Remember that if $\kappa$ is strongly compact, then any ${<}\kappa$-complete filter extends to a ${<}\kappa$-complete ultrafilter.
Let $\Bbb P_\delta=\langle\Bbb P_\alpha,\dot{\Bbb Q}_\alpha\mid ...
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Am I doing a forcing argument here?
I have an argument of the following form:
Executive Summary:
We have a $\mathbb R$-valued function $L$ which we want to show is $\mathbb Z$-valued. We approximate it by $\mathbb Q$-valued functions $\...
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A set theoretic approach to the Riemann hypothesis
Let $X$ be an extremally disconnected
(i.e. such that the closure of open sets is open) compact Hausdorff space. Then
$*_1$ $C(X)$
is the space of continuous functions $f: X \to \mathbb{C}$,
$*_2$ $C^...
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Copy of $P(\omega)/\mathrm{fin}$ on $\omega_1$
$\newcommand{\fin}{\mathrm{fin}}$Under what hypotheses does there exist a uniform ideal $I$ on $\omega_1$ such that $P(\omega_1)/I \cong P(\omega)/\fin$? What is the consistency strength?
It follows ...
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What goes wrong in Easton forcing if we don't just use regular cardinals?
Recall that Easton forcing was introduced to show that the continuum function at regular cardinals could be anything subject to 'the obvious constraints' (monotonicity etc). However, it is a handy ...
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Does "antichain" mean something different in set-forcing than in lattice theory?
On page 3 of Introduction to Lattices and Order, Davey and Priestley define an antichain in a poset $\langle P,\leq\rangle$ as a set of pairwise incomparable elements:
The ordered set P is an ...
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proper : (proper + $\omega^\omega$-bounding) = generic : x
If $P$ is a forcing notion, $A \subseteq P$ (usually an antichain), $q\in P$, then I write $A\cap q$ for the set of all conditions in $A$ which are compatible with $q$.
For a proper forcing notion $P$,...
CommunityBot
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When is $M[\mathscr{U}]\cap2^\omega=M\cap2^\omega$?
Suppose that $M$ is a countable, transitive model of $\mathsf{ZFC}$ and $\mathscr{U}\subseteq\mathscr{P}(\omega)^M$ is an $M$-generic $M$-ultrafilter (say, $\mathscr{U}\in M[G]$ some $(M,\mathbb{P})$-...
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Alternative proofs of the countable chain condition in forcing
Advance warning: This question is more about history and pedagogy than "hard" mathematics.
I am studying Cohen forcing with the forcing poset $(\operatorname{Fin}(E,2),\supseteq,0)$, and I ...
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Cohen reals at limit steps in a finite support iteration
Without success, I have been trying to find who was the first to prove the folklore result that any finite support iteration of non-trivial posets adds Cohen reals at limits steps. Does anybody know?
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Scott-Solovay unpublished paper on ``Boolean valued models of set theory''
I have read some papers from 1970$^{th}$, and in some of them, the paper of Scott and Solovay on ``Boolean valued models of set theory'' is given as a main reference, with many references to the ...
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How to settle the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis when there are urelements?
Work in $\sf ZFCA$ and permutation models has preceded forcing by several decades. Was it used to settle the question of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis $\sf GCH$ when urelements are admitted? I ...
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Forcing $\neg\square_{\omega_1}$ from a Mahlo cardinal, reference
In Jensen's The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy, it is stated that Solovay proved the consistency of $\neg\square_{\omega_1}$ by collapsing a Mahlo cardinal to $\omega_2$. I was ...
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Commutativity of a diagram between complete embeddings
Suppose $\mathbb{P}_0$, $\mathbb{P}_1$ and $\mathbb{P}_2$ are separative posets such that $\mathbb{P}_2$ projects into $\mathbb{P}_1$ and $\mathbb{P}_1$ projects into $\mathbb{P}_0$, i.e. there are ...
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Consistency upper bounds for $\neg\square_{\aleph_\omega}$
In the introduction of Cummings and Friedman's $\square$ on the singular cardinals the following is written:
Failure of $\square_\lambda$ for $\lambda$ singular is stronger and rather more ...
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Looking for reference on Vopenka's theorem on generic extensions of HOD
Chapter 15 of the third edition of Jech's textbook on set theory gives Vopenka's theorem as saying that if $V=L[A]$ where $A$ is a set of ordinals then $V$ is a set generic extension of $HOD$, whereas ...
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Reference request: $\kappa^+$-saturated ideal from iterated Cohen forcing on measurable $\kappa$
In Kunen [1] the author makes the following note: Let $\kappa$ be measurable with normal measure $\mathscr{U}$ in a model of $\mathsf{GCH}$. Let $\mathbb{P}$ be an iteration of $\operatorname{Add}(\...
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Projections between complete boolean algebras
Let $P$ and $Q$ be complete boolean algebras. Suppose that $\dot H$ is a $P$-name such that $1_P\Vdash\dot H$ is $Q$-generic. For each $p\in P$, let $A_p$ be the set of $q\in Q$ such that $p\Vdash q\...
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Weak extender models for supercompactness without choice
Assume ZFC and a supercompact cardinal $κ$. Is it consistent that there is a weak extender model $N⊨\text{ZF}$ for supercompactness of $κ$ such that the axiom of choice and well-ordering of $P_κ(λ)^N$...
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Consistency of definability beyond P(Ord) in ZF
Is it consistent with ZF that the satisfaction relation of $L(P(Ord))$ is $Δ^V_2$ definable? More generally, is it consistent with ZF that there is a $Δ^V_2$ formula (taking $α$ as a parameter) that ...
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Does proper forcing preserve properness under PFA?
I'm interested in forcing classes $\Gamma$ which preserve membership in themselves, i.e. for all posets $\mathbb{P}, \mathbb{Q}\in \Gamma$, we have $\Vdash_{\mathbb{P}}\check{\mathbb{Q}}\in\Gamma$. ...
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Cohen forcing: why is the cardinality of $\mathcal P \left({\omega}\right)$ in ${\bf L}(\mathcal P \left({\omega}\right))$ independent of G?
This is a part of exercise E4 from Chapter VII of Kunen's Set Theory.
The hint (courtesy of A. Miller) goes like this: let ${\mathbb P} = Fn(I,2)$, $(|I| \geq \omega_{1})^M$. Let G be ${\mathbb P}$-...
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From HODs to corresponding models of AD
If $M$ is HOD of a model $N$ of $\text{AD}^+ + V=L(P(ℝ))$, what kind of forcing construction in $M$ gives back such an $N$?
HODs for $\text{AD}^+ + V=L(P(ℝ))$ are conjectured (and under anti-large ...
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An iteration of proper forcing without proper iterands
Famously, a countable support iteration with proper iterands is again proper. This is mostly stated as follows: Suppose $(\mathbb{P}_{\alpha},\dot{\mathbb{Q}}_{\alpha})_{\alpha<\lambda}$ is a ...
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