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Background: for a discrete abelian group $G$, a character of $G$ is a homomorphism $\chi:G\to \mathbf S^1$, $\mathbf S^1$ being the circle group $\{z\in \mathbb C:|z|=1\}$ with ordinary multiplication....

Consider the lattice $\mathbb Z^2$ and take iid random variables $Y_e$ on all edges $e$ of the graph. We then define random variables $X_i:=\sum_{e \text{ adjacent to } i}Y_e.$ In other words: For ...

If $f_n (\omega) = \sum_{i=1}^n f_1 (T^i \omega)$ and $T$ is an ergodic action with respect to the measure $\mu$ then it is know as Birkhoff's theorem that $$ \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{f_n}{...