Questions tagged [diophantine-equations]
Diophantine equations are polynomial equations $F=0$, or systems of polynomial equations $F_1=\ldots=F_k=0$, where $F,F_1,\ldots,F_k$ are polynomials in either $\mathbb{Z}[X_1,\ldots,X_n]$ of $\mathbb{Q}[X_1,\ldots,X_n]$ of which it is asked to find solutions over $\mathbb{Z}$ or $\mathbb{Q}$. Topics: Pell equations, quadratic forms, elliptic curves, abelian varieties, hyperelliptic curves, Thue equations, normic forms, K3 surfaces ...
180 questions
72
votes
3
answers
8k
views
Can you solve the listed smallest open Diophantine equations?
In 2018, Zidane asked What is the smallest unsolved Diophantine equation? The suggested way to measure size is substitute 2 instead of all variables, absolute values instead of all coefficients, and ...
- 7,182
175
votes
2
answers
66k
views
Estimating the size of solutions of a diophantine equation
A. Is there natural numbers $a,b,c$ such that $\frac{a}{b+c} + \frac{b}{a+c} + \frac{c}{a+b}$ is equal to an odd natural number ?
(I do not know any such numbers).
B. Suppose that $\frac{a}{b+c} + \...
- 1,881
56
votes
7
answers
7k
views
What is the smallest unsolved Diophantine equation?
If $P=\sum_{\bf i} a_{\bf i}x^{\bf i}\in {\mathbb Z}[x_1,\dots,x_d]$, let $|P|=\sum_{\bf i}|a_{\bf i}|x^{\bf i}$ and $h(P)=|P|(2,\dots,2)$, so that there is only a finite number of $P$ with $h(P)\leq ...
- 937
43
votes
3
answers
19k
views
Which integers can be expressed as a sum of three cubes in infinitely many ways?
For fixed $n \in \mathbb{N}$ consider integer solutions to
$$x^3+y^3+z^3=n \qquad (1) $$
If $n$ is a cube or twice a cube, identities exist.
Elkies suggests no other polynomial identities are known.
...
- 25.4k
20
votes
2
answers
2k
views
On a result attributed to W. Ljunggren and T. Nagell
I've read in a number of places that, building on previous work of T. Nagell, W. Ljunggren proved in 1 that the Diophantine equation
$$\frac{x^{n}-1}{x-1} = y^{2}$$
doesn't admit solutions in ...
- 8,842
38
votes
5
answers
10k
views
Are nontrivial integer solutions known for $x^3+y^3+z^3=3$?
The Diophantine equation
$$x^3+y^3+z^3=3$$
has four easy integer solutions: $(1,1,1)$ and the three permutations of $(4,4,-5)$. Elsenhans and Jahnel wrote in 2007 that these were all the solutions ...
- 2,350
24
votes
2
answers
1k
views
On the smallest open Diophantine equations: beyond Hilbert's 10 problem
In 2018, Zidane asked What is the smallest unsolved Diophantine equation? The suggested way to measure size of the equation is substitute 2 instead of all variables, absolute values instead of all ...
- 7,182
22
votes
9
answers
21k
views
Is there an algorithm to solve quadratic Diophantine equations?
I was asked two questions related to Diophantine equations.
Can one find all integer triplets $(x,y,z)$ satisfying $x^2 + x = y^2 + y + z^2 + z$? I mean some kind of parametrization which gives all ...
- 223
21
votes
2
answers
2k
views
State of knowledge of $a^n+b^n=c^n+d^n$ vs. $a^n+b^n+c^n=d^n+e^n+f^n$
As far as I understand, both of the Diophantine equations
$$a^5 + b^5 = c^5 + d^5$$
and
$$a^6 + b^6 = c^6 + d^6$$
have no known nontrivial solutions, but
$$24^5 + 28^5 + 67^5 = 3^5+64^5+62^5$$
and
$$3^...
- 151k
16
votes
3
answers
1k
views
Is Multilinear Hilbert's tenth problem version undecidable?
A multilinear polynomial $f\in\mathbb Z[x_1,\dots,x_t]$ has terms only of form $$b\prod_{i=1}^tx_i^{a_i}$$ where $a_i\in\{0,1\}$ and $b\in\mathbb Z$.
Is there no general purpose algorithm for ...
- 13.9k
40
votes
2
answers
3k
views
$x^4+y^4$ powerful for relatively prime $x,y$
I asked this question on the NMBRTHRY mailing list on
17 February 2014, but it remains unsolved as far as I know.
Recall that a "powerful
number" is a positive integer whose prime ...
- 79.9k
35
votes
3
answers
5k
views
Solve in positive integers: $n!=m(m+1)$
Does anybody know a solution to this problem? (Sorry, I've missed one summand in the previous post.)
- 12.3k
33
votes
4
answers
4k
views
Can the difference of two distinct Fibonacci numbers be a square infinitely often?
Can the difference of two distinct Fibonacci numbers be a square infinitely often?
There are few solutions with indices $<10^{4}$ the largest two being $F_{14}-F_{13}=12^2$ and $F_{13}-F_{11}=12^2$...
- 25.4k
31
votes
1
answer
2k
views
Can $9xy$ divide $1+x^2+x^3+y^2$?
Can $9xy$ divide $1+x^2+x^3+y^2$ for integers $x,y$? Equivalently, do there exist integers $x,y,z$ such that
$$
1 + x^2 + x^3 + y^2 + 9 x y z = 0 \quad ?
$$
This equation arises in the search for the ...
- 7,182
30
votes
9
answers
10k
views
Diophantine equation with no integer solutions, but with solutions modulo every integer
It's probably common knowledge that there are Diophantine equations which do not admit any solutions in the integers, but which admit solutions modulo $n$ for every $n$. This fact is stated, for ...
- 10.3k
22
votes
2
answers
7k
views
Which types of Diophantine equations are solvable?
Is there a list somewhere of which types of Diophantine equations are solvable, which types are not solvable, and which types are not known to be solvable or not? (When I say solvable, I mean that we ...
- 2,649
20
votes
3
answers
2k
views
what is the maximum number of rational points of a curve of genus 2 over the rationals
Conjecturally, there exists an integer $n$ such that the number of rational points of a genus $2$ curve over $\mathbf{Q}$ is at most $n$. (This follows from the Bombieri-Lang conjecture.)
We are ...
- 209
18
votes
3
answers
1k
views
Not-lonely runners
The lonely runner conjecture
has several formulations.
They all involve a number $n$ runners running on a circular track,
each with a different speeds, and the conjecture is that each runner is ...
- 151k
16
votes
2
answers
1k
views
Representing $x^3-2$ as a sum of two squares
Prove that there exist infinitely many integers $x$ such that integer $P(x)=x^3-2$ is a sum of two squares of integers.
Ideally, I am looking for a proof method that also applies for other $P(x)$, ...
- 7,182
11
votes
1
answer
2k
views
Integer values of a rational function
Suppose we are given a rational function with numerator and denominator being polynomials with integer coefficients. Is there an efficient algorithm for finding all integers arguments at which the ...
- 34.3k
11
votes
2
answers
3k
views
$3^n - 2^m = \pm 41$ is not possible. How to prove it?
$3^n - 2^m = \pm 41$ is not possible for integers $n$ and $m$. How to prove it?
- 211
9
votes
2
answers
870
views
Decidability of diophantine equation in a theory
Given a theory $T \subseteq \operatorname{Th}(\mathbb{N})$, define the decision problem $D_T$ as follows:
Given a polynomial $p$ with integer coefficients and variables $\bar{x}$, decide whether
$...
- 193
7
votes
1
answer
463
views
A parametric elliptic curve for $x^4+y^4+z^4 = 1$?
Noam Elkies found that $x^4+y^4+z^4 = 1$ has infinitely many rational points $xyz \neq 0$ using an elliptic curve. We use a different approach that will produce pairs of solutions and a parametric ...
- 12.6k
7
votes
3
answers
771
views
Something interesting about the quintic $x^5 + x^4 - 4 x^3 - 3 x^2 + 3 x + 1=0$ and its cousins
(Update):
Courtesy of Myerson's and Elkies' answers, we find a second cyclic quintic for $\cos\frac{2\pi}{p}$ with $p=\text{1 mod 10}$ as,
$$\frac{z^5}{\beta} = 10 z^3 - 20 n^2 z^2 + 5 (3 n^4 - 25 n^...
- 12.6k
6
votes
1
answer
438
views
$y^3 = x^4 + x + 2$, and existence of rational points on rank 0 Picard curves
Do there exists rational numbers $x$ and $y$ such that
$$
y^3 = x^4 + x + 2 ?
$$
Context: There are a lot of publications about computing rational points on elliptic and hyperelliptic curves, and ...
- 7,182
4
votes
2
answers
709
views
On the product $\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(x-e^{2\pi i k^2/p})$ with $x$ a root of unity
Let $p$ be an odd prime. Dirichlet's class number formula for quadratic fields essentially determines the value of the product $\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(1-e^{2\pi ik^2/p})$. I think it is interesting to ...
- 15.6k
48
votes
4
answers
4k
views
Fermat's last theorem over larger fields
Fermat's last theorem implies that the number of solutions of $x^5 + y^5 = 1$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ is finite.
Is the number of solutions of $x^5 + y^5 = 1$ over $\mathbb{Q}^{\text{ab}}$ finite?
Here $\...
- 11.3k
35
votes
3
answers
2k
views
A binomial generalization of the FLT: Bombieri's Napkin Problem
This is an extract from Apéry's biography
(which some of the people have already enjoyed in
this answer).
During a mathematician's dinner in
Kingston, Canada, in 1979, the
conversation turned ...
- 13.5k
31
votes
2
answers
2k
views
Does Fermat's last theorem hold in the ordinals?
My question is whether there are no nontrivial solutions in the ordinals of the equations arising in Fermat's last theorem $$x^n+y^n=z^n$$
where $n\gt 2$, and where we use the natural ordinal ...
- 236k
27
votes
3
answers
1k
views
When does $axy+byz+czx$ represent all integers?
For which $a,b,c$ does $axy+byz+czx$ represent all integers?
In a recent answer, I conjectured that this holds whenever $\gcd(a,b,c)=1$, and I hope someone will know. I also conjectured that $axy+byz+...
user44143
26
votes
3
answers
3k
views
The diophantine eq. $x^4 +y^4 +1=z^2$
This question is an exact duplicate of the question
Does the equation $x^4+y^4+1=z^2$ have a non-trivial solution?
posted by Tito Piezas III on math.stackexchange.com.
The background of ...
user14413
23
votes
1
answer
2k
views
Ramanujan's pi formulas with a twist
Given the binomial function $\binom{n}{k}$.
1. Define the following sequences,
$$\begin{aligned}
u_1(k) &= \tbinom{2k}{k}\tbinom{3k}{k}\tbinom{6k}{3k} = 1, 120, 83160, 81681600,\dots \\
u_2(k) &...
- 12.6k
21
votes
1
answer
1k
views
Is "almost-solvability" of Diophantine equations decidable?
Say that a Diophantine equation is almost-satisfiable iff for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$ it has a solution mod $n$. Trivially genuine satisfiability over $\mathbb{N}$ implies almost-satisfiability, but the ...
- 21.2k
18
votes
3
answers
2k
views
More elliptic curves for $a^4+b^4+c^4+d^4 = (a+b+c+d)^4$?
(Note: See also the $a^4+b^4+c^4 = 1$ version in this old MSE post.)
The equation discussed in a paper by Jacobi and Madden,
$$a^4+b^4+c^4+d^4 = (a+b+c+d)^4 = z^4\tag1$$
or equivalently,
$$(p-2q + ...
- 12.6k
18
votes
1
answer
1k
views
When is $(q^k-1)/(q-1)$ a perfect square?
Let $q$ be a prime power and $k>1$ a positive integer. For what values of $k$ and $q$ is the number $(q^k-1)/(q-1)$ a perfect square, that is the square of another integer? Is the number of such ...
- 533
16
votes
6
answers
3k
views
Advances and difficulties in effective version of Thue-Roth-Siegel Theorem
A fundamental result in Diophantine approximation, which was largely responsible for Klaus Roth being awarded the Fields Medal in 1958, is the following simple-to-state result:
If $\alpha$ is a real ...
- 26.9k
13
votes
2
answers
1k
views
On Euler's elliptic curve for $A^4+B^4 = C^4+D^4$?
To solve,
$$A^4+B^4 = C^4+D^4$$
we use Euler's method. Let,
$$(p+q)^4+(r-s)^4=(p-q)^4+(r+s)^4$$
and define $p = (a^3 - b),\, q = a y,\, r = b (a^3 - b),\, s = y.\,$ The equation above transforms to ...
- 12.6k
13
votes
2
answers
938
views
On Generalizations of Fermat's Conjecture
We know the following facts:
(1) For all $1\leq n\leq 2$ the equation $x_{1}^{n}+x_{2}^{n}=x_{3}^{n}$ has a solution in $\mathbb{N}$.
(2) For all $3\leq n$ the equation $x_{1}^{n}+x_{2}^{n}=x_{3}^{n}...
user36136
10
votes
2
answers
3k
views
The diophantine equation X^2 - Y^2 - Z^2 = +- 1
Hi everybody. I'd like to know if the diophantine equation
(1) $$X^2 - Y^2 - Z^2 = \pm 1$$
has been studied and if the set of its solutions $(X,Y,Z)$ is known. I appreciate any reference. Thank you ...
- 463
10
votes
1
answer
551
views
Formula for "cointersection" of three circles?
I am working on the problem of finding "rational" dodecahedrons, and I have run across an interesting subproblem: How do you tell if three circles have a common intersection point?
...
- 371
9
votes
3
answers
757
views
Solve in integers: $y(x^2+1)=z^2+1$
Find all integer solutions to the equation
$$
y(x^2+1)=z^2+1.
$$
There is, for example, an infinite family of solutions $x=u$, $y=(uv\pm1)^2+v^2$, $z=(u^2+1)v \pm u$, $u,v \in {\mathbb Z}$, but there ...
- 7,182
8
votes
1
answer
639
views
On Markoff-type diophantine equation
Do there exist integers $x,y,z$ such that
$$
x^2+y^2-z^2 = xyz -2 \quad ?
$$
Why this is interesting? First, this equation arose in an answer to the previous Mathoverflow question What is the smallest ...
- 781
8
votes
1
answer
627
views
Hilbert 10th problem for cubic equations
Hilbert 10th problem, asking for algorithm for determining whether a polynomial Diopantine equation has an integer solution, is undecidable in general, but decidable or open in some restricted ...
- 7,182
8
votes
4
answers
870
views
A cubic equation, and integers of the form $a^2+32b^2$
I am trying to determine whether there are any integers $x,y,z$ such that
$$
1+2 x+x^2 y+4 y^2+2 z^2 = 0. \quad\quad\quad (1)
$$
It is clear that $x$ is odd. We can consider this equation as quadratic ...
- 7,182
6
votes
2
answers
743
views
Positive integer solutions to the diophantine equation $(xz+1)(yz+1)=z^4+z^3 +z^2 +z+1$
Let $P(z) = z^4 +z^3 +z^2 +z+1$ where $z$ is a positive integer.
While working with the diophantine equation $(xz+1)(yz+1)=P(z)$, I was able to construct a seemingly infinite and complete solution set ...
- 319
6
votes
2
answers
482
views
Difficult elliptic curves for $a^4+b^4+c^4+d^4 = (a+b+c+d)^4$?
Similar to the case $x^4+y^4+z^4 = 1$ discussed in this MO post, define the system,
$$x^4+y^4+z^4+1 = (x+y+z+1)^4\tag1$$
$$\frac{x^2+x+1}{(x+y+1)(x+z+1)}=u\tag2$$
$$\frac{y^2+y+1}{(y+z+1)(y+x+1)}=v\...
- 12.6k
4
votes
0
answers
238
views
On the values of $\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(e^{2\pi i/12}-e^{2\pi i k^2/p})$ for primes $p>3$
In a recent preprint, I investigated
$$S_p(x):=\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(x-e^{2\pi ik^2/p}),$$
where $p$ is an odd prime and $x$ is a root of unity.
Motivated by Question 337879 and Question 338325, ...
- 15.6k
4
votes
1
answer
193
views
Small linear relations between primitive Pythagorean triples $\mathsf{II}$
WillJagy answered a linear relation question on Pythagorean Triples in Small linear relations between primitive Pythagorean triples $\mathsf I$.
Now let $a^2+b^2=c^2$ be a primitive Pythagorean ...
- 1,826
4
votes
1
answer
498
views
Large radical of an integer and three AB conjectures
In this Note, We propose a new definition called "large radical of an integer". Using this definition, three very useful $AB$ conjecture are given.
1. Large counter examples of the ABC conjecture
...
- 1,776
3
votes
0
answers
257
views
Are all odd integers greater than $599$ of the form $x^2+y^2+z^4+t^4$?
For $a \le 10^7$, the equation over integers $4a+1=x^2+y^2+z^4+t^4$
has solutions.
Q1 Is it true that all integers of the form $4a+1$
are also of the form $x^2+y^2+z^4+t^4$?
Heuristic argument: ...
- 25.4k