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Many well-known combinatorial identities has an analytic version. For example, the following identities $$ 2^n = \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k} $$ $$ \binom{2n}{n} = \sum_{k=1}^n \binom{n}{k}^2 $$ can be ...

An $n\times n$ circulant matrix $\mathbf{X}_n$ has the form \begin{align} \mathbf{X}_n= \begin{bmatrix} x_1 & x_2 & \cdots & x_{n-1} & x_n \\ x_2 & x_3 & \cdots & x_n&...