Questions tagged [congruences]
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138 questions
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Curious congruences modulo $4$ involving primes
We define
$$S(n)=\sum_{a=2+(n\pmod 2)}^{n-2}
\sharp(\{j,1\leq j<n \pmod{a},(a,j)=1\})\ .$$
(Searching the OEIS yielded no results.)
For $n>2$ we have the following experimental observations (...
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Differential duality: Triangular codes vs. VT codes / Single-substitution vs. Single-deletion
Here is the introduction to my problem:
Codes correcting single-deletion. Let $q$ and $n$ be non-negative integers, and let $\mathbf{x}= \left ( x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} \right )\in\mathbb{Z}_{q}^{...
- 10.4k
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Congruences regarding $4n$-dimensional lattices
A sequence of integers $(a_n)_{n\geq 1}$ satisfies Gauss congruence if
$$\sum_{d\mid n}\mu(d)a_{n/d}\equiv 0\pmod{n}$$
for every $n\geq 1$. Such sequences are also called Dold sequences, Newton ...
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Chinese remainder theorem for target interval
Given $n$ pairwise coprime natural numbers $m_{1}, \dots, m_{n}$ with remainders $y_{i}$, for all $i \leq n$. Furthermore, we have a target interval $I := \left[ a, b \right]$, with $1 \leq a < b \...
CommunityBot
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Notion of prime congruences
We have the idea of a prime ideal in a commutative ring $R$ but in universal algebra, we generalize the notion of ideal to that of a congruence. I’ve thought over the question of what a prime ...
CommunityBot
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A new Conjecture at OEIS sequence A376842
Here is a new conjecture of mine from the appendix of an unpublished manuscript currently under review.
Let $b \in \mathbb{Z}^+$ and assume that $n$ is an integer greater than $1$ and not a multiple ...
- 1,451
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Reference request for a proof of the fact that every congruence-permutable variety is semidegenerate
Given an algebra $\mathbf{A}$, a pair of congruences
$ \alpha ,\beta \in Con(\mathbf {A})$ are said to permute when
$ \alpha \circ \beta =\beta \circ \alpha$, and an algebra
$\mathbf{A}$ is called ...
- 14.6k
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Complexity of solving system of binary quadratic equations modulo $3$
A special case of this question and
another question
What is the complexity of solving system of binary quadratic equations modulo
$3$?
$f_i(x_i,x_j)=0 \bmod 3, \deg{f_i}=2$.
Modulo $2$ can be ...
- 3,319
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Prove ${^{b}a} \equiv {^{b+1}} a \pmod {10^{\lfloor{\log_{10} (^{b}a) }\rfloor + 1}} \Rightarrow a=5$ as $a$ and $b$ are two integers greater than $1$
$\DeclareMathOperator\len{len}$Let $a, b \in \mathbb{N} -\{ 0, 1 \}$ and define ${^{b}a}$ to be $a^a$ if $b = 2$ and $a^{\left(^{b-1}a \right)}$ if $b \geq 3$ (e.g., ${^{3}5} = 5^{\left( 5^5 \right)} =...
- 1,028
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Congruences between hypergeometric functions coming from modular forms
Consider the formal power series
$${}_2F_1(1/12,5/12;1;z)^{24}-{}_2F_1(1/12,7/12;1;z)^{24}=-z/3-z^2/2-(320293/559872)z^3-\cdots$$
It follows from a theorem on modular forms that for $p\ge5$ the ...
CommunityBot
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Factorial quadratic residue
I would like to find all positive integers $n$ and $m$ such that $n^2 \equiv m! \ ( \text{mod } 2024)$. I see that for $m=1$ there is $n=45$ such that the relation holds.
I think that there is no ...
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Number of solutions for linear modular equations given GCD
We are currently investigating a problem involving number theory, an area outside our field of expertise.
Let $n$ be a positive integer. Consider two pairs of integers $(j,k)$ and $(j′,k′)$ as ...
- 63.9k
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About the exact origin of a binomial congruence
Given a prime $p$ and an integer $0 \leq k \leq p-1$, a famous congruence on binomial coefficients states:
$$\binom{p-1}{k} \equiv (-1)^k \pmod{p}$$
It is generally taught as a consequence of Pascal’s ...
- 12.3k
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Binomial supercongruences: is there any reason for them?
One of the recent questions, in fact
the answer
to it, reminded me about the binomial sequence
$$
a_n=\sum_{k=0}^n{\binom{n}{k}}^2{\binom{n+k}{k}}^2,
\qquad n=0,1,2,\dots,
$$
of the Apéry ...
- 1,446
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Defining the number of rightmost frozen digits of Graham's number
It is well-known that (in radix-$10$) Graham's number, $G$, can be expressed as a tetration with base $3$ and a very large hyperexponent $\tilde{b}$. Thus, we can write that $\exists! \hspace{1mm} \...
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A vanishing sum and related $p$-adic congruences
Recently I had a curious discovery. Namely, I have made the following conjectures.
Conjecture 1. We have the identity
$$\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{(10k-1)\binom{3k}k\binom{6k}{3k}}{(2k+1)512^k}=0.\label{1}...
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A hypergeometric series for $\sqrt3\pi$ with converging rate $1/9$
Recently, I found a (conjectural) new series for $\sqrt3\pi$:
$$\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(8k-3)\binom{4k}{2k}}{k(4k-1)9^k\binom{2k}k^2}=\frac{\sqrt3\pi}{18}.\label{1}\tag{1}$$
The series converges fast ...
- 15.6k
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Computing the density of a set of multiples
Erdős and his coauthors often wrote about problems relating to the densities of sets of multiples. I have a computational question about the same topic. I have a finite* set $A=a_1<\cdots<a_r$ ...
- 1,028
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Number of solutions of $am \equiv bn \pmod{q}$
Let $q$ be a (large) prime. Let $N$ be a positive integer of size${}\approx \sqrt{q}$. Let $\mathcal{M}$ be an arbitrary subset of $\{1, \dots, q\},$ such that $\mathcal{M}$ has cardinality $N$. ...
- 30.1k
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A combinatorial identity involving binomial coefficients
When I was reading an article by CHUN-GANG JI (A SIMPLE PROOF OF A CURIOUS CONGRUENCE BY ZHAO), he mentioned in the acknowledgement
the following identity
$$\sum_{i+j+k=p,\text{ } i,j,k\gt 0}{p\choose ...
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Numbers $k$ with $\{\binom nk:\ n\in\mathbb N\}$ dense in $\mathbb Z_p$ for any prime $p\le k$
Let $k$ be a positive integer and let $p$ be a prime. In my 2011 PAMS paper joint with my former student W. Zhang [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 139(2011), 1569-1577], we studied when $$S(k)=\left\{\binom nk:...
CommunityBot
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When are modular forms linearly independent modulo $p$?
Let $M_2(\Gamma_0(N))$ be the space of weight $2$ modular forms for $\Gamma_0(N)$ and let $f_1, \dots, f_r$ be a basis of normalized eigenforms for $M_2(\Gamma_0(N))$. Given a rational prime $p$, I'll ...
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Modulo $x^2 + y^2 - 1$, is every homogeneous polynomial that is a square of a polynomial, necessarily of sum of squares of homogeneous polynomials?
I am hoping this question is alright for Math Overflow. I didn't get a definitive solution in Math Stack Exchange.
Let $f(x, y) \in \mathbb{R}[x, y]$ be a homogeneous polynomial with real coefficients ...
- 6,237
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Given a lattice L with n elements, are there finite groups H < G such that L $\cong$ the lattice of subgroups between H and G?
If there is no restriction on $n$, this is a famous open problem. I'm wondering if any recent work has been done for small $n>6$. I believe the question is answered (positively) for $n=6$ by ...
- 4,219
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A congruence for a product of binomial coefficients?
For every prime $p\geq 5$ one seems to have the congruence
$$(-1)^{(p-1)/2}\prod_{k=0}^{p-1}{p-1\choose k}\equiv 1-p+\frac{3}{2}p^2-\frac{7}{6}p^3\pmod{p^4}\ .$$
(I have checked all primes up to $5000$...
- 109k
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"Efficient" way to build a table of multiplicative orders modulo $p$ of a fixed integer $a$
Given an integer $a$, I would like to build a table of entries $(p, \text{ord}_p(a))$, where $p$ runs over the prime numbers not dividing $a$ and not exceeding a fixed parameter $P$, and $\text{ord}_p(...
- 121
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Binomial coefficient congruence modulo $p^n$
I am interested in the following congruence
$$\binom{ap^n}{bp^n}\equiv \binom{a}{b}\pmod{p^n}$$
I am aware that by some reference in a book the above it should actually hold modulo $p^{3n}$; the ...
- 14.6k
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Primitive representation of integers by some form on the genus of a quadratic form
Some time ago, I asked a question about equidistribution on a paper of Duke and Schulze-Pillot that was usefully answered.
However, on the answer there was a statement that was unimportant for me back ...
- 105k
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Congruences of binomial sums
Let $a_n$ is a binomial sum, for example
$$
a_n := \sum_{k} \binom{n-k}{k} \quad \text{or} \quad \sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n+k}{n-k}\binom{2k}{k}
\quad \text{or} \quad \sum_{k=0}^n\sum_{\ell=0}^k\binom{n}{k}\...
- 17k
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Reference request for a proof of the Mal'cev condition for congruence $n$-permutability
By a theorem of Hagemann and Mitschke, a condition (A) that a variety $\mathcal{V}$ is congruence $n$-permutable, is equivalent to a condition (B) that there exist ternary terms $p_1,\dots,p_{n-1}$ ...
- 14.6k
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Binomial congruence modulo prime [closed]
Let $a$, $b$ $(b≤a)$ be two positive integers are not twin primes and $p$ is any prime number.
Is this congruence
$$ \binom{a^p}{b^p} \equiv \binom{a}{b}^p \pmod{p} $$
valid?
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Which consequences can be deduced from this peculiar property of tetration?
Recently (assuming radix-$10$), I showed that, for any $a \in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ that is not a multiple of $10$, there exists a unique value $V(a) \in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ which corresponds to the number of ...
- 1,451
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Some $p$-adic congruences involving permutations
Motivated by my study of determinants and permanents, here I present several conjectures on $p$-adic congruences involving permutations.
As usual, we let $S_n$ be the symmetric group consisting of all ...
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Two conjectures for primes $p\equiv 1\pmod 8$
Motivated by my paper Quadratic residues and quartic residues modulo primes [Int. J. Number Theory 16 (2020), 1833-1858], here I pose two new conjectures for primes $p\equiv1\pmod8$ based on my ...
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Conjectural congruences for numbers related to Littlewood-Richardson coefficients
For $n \geq 0$, let $a_n$ be the square of the Euclidean length of the vector of Littlewood-Richardson coefficients of $\sum_{\lambda \vdash n} s_\lambda^2$, where $s_\lambda$ are the symmetric Schur ...
- 109k
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Least modulus distinguishing some integers
I can deduce some results about this from the prime number theorem or from results about the primorial function $p\#$ but I'm wondering what the state of the art is:
Given integers $0\le a_1<a_2<...
- 15.6k
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Number of solutions of linear congruence with bounded variables
Fix some nonzero integers $a_1, \dots, a_k$, with $k \geq 2$, and some real numbers $c_1, \dots, c_k \in (0,1)$.
For every positive integer $m$, let $N(m)$ be the number of $k$-tuple of integers $(x_1,...
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System of congruences with bound condition
Let $m$ be a positive integer divisible by $6$, and let $q$ be one of $8,9$,
or a prime $\gt 3$.
Question : Is there always an $x\in [1,m]$, coprime to $m$, such
that $x\not\equiv\pm 1 \ \mod{q}$ ?
...
- 14.6k
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A conjecture about 433
Motivated by Question 405105, I found the following
Conjecture. $2^{2n}-2^n+1 \equiv 0 \pmod {433}$ and $n=4m$ iff
$$\phi(m) = \phi(i + j) = \phi(i) + \phi(j) ,$$
and
$$\phi(m) = \phi(ik) = \phi(i)\...
- 34.3k
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Are there finitely many primes $x$ such that for a fixed odd prime $p$, $n=x^{p-1}+x^{p-2}+\dotsb + x+1$ is composite and $x \mid \phi(n)$?
Let
\begin{equation} n =x^{p-1}+x^{p-2}+\dotsb + x+1
\end{equation} where $x$ and $p$ are odd primes.
If $p$ is set to $5$, it appears $x=5$ is the only prime $x$ such that $n$ is composite and $x \...
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Cardinality of the image of a polynomial modulo $p^n$
Let $f \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$ be a nonconstant polynomial and let $p$ be a prime number. I'm looking for results about $$N_f(p^k) := \#\{(f(n) \bmod p^k) : n \in \mathbb{Z}\},$$ as $k \to +\infty$, where $...
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Could a nice principle be extracted from this lemma of Gauss
I asked the following question in the math SE, with a bounty of 200 pts, without result.
question:
To prove the quadratic reciprocity law, Gauss needed the following lemma:
If $p$ is a prime number ...
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The congruence $\mathrm{per}[|j-k|]_{1\le j,k\le p}\equiv-1/2\pmod p$ with $p$ an odd prime
For a matrix $[a_{j,k}]_{1\le j,k\le n}$, its permanent is given by
$$\mathrm{per}[a_{j,k}]_{1\le j,k\le n}=\sum_{\tau\in S_n}\prod_{j=1}^na_{j,\tau(j)}.$$
Let $p$ be an odd prime. I have proved the ...
- 15.6k
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Permutations $\pi\in S_{p-1}$ with $\frac1{\pi(1)\pi(2)}+\frac1{\pi(2)\pi(3)}+\cdots+\frac1{\pi(p-2)\pi(p-1)}+\frac1{\pi(p-1)\pi(1)}\equiv0\pmod{p^2}$
A well known congruence of Wolstenholme states that
$$\frac1{1^2}+\frac1{2^2}+\cdots+\frac1{(p-1)^2}\equiv0\pmod{p}$$ for any prime $p>3$. For each $n=3,4,\ldots$ we clearly have
$$\frac1{1\times2}+...
- 10.7k
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1
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The invertible matrices $S$ that satisfy $A=SDS^T$
Any real symmetric matrix $A$ can be written as $A=SDS^T$ for some diagonal matrix $D$ and invertible matrix $S$. Let's fix $D$ to be the (diagonal) inertia matrix of $A$, which has an entry $1, -1, 0$...
- 3,186
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Does $\{\tau(1)\tau(2)+\cdots+\tau(n-1)\tau(n)+\tau(n)\tau(1):\ \tau\in S_n\}$ contain a unique multiple of $n^2$ for each $n\ge6$?
Motivated by Question 397575, here I pose a related question.
Question.
Does the set $$T_n:=\{\tau(1)\tau(2)+\cdots+\tau(n-1)\tau(n)+\tau(n)\tau(1):\ \tau\in S_n\}$$ contain a unique multiple of $n^2$ ...
- 10.7k
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A conjecture on binomial coefficients and roots of unity
Is the following true?
Let $p$ be a prime and let $w$ be a $(p-1)$st root of unity (not necessarily primitive). Then
$$\binom{w}{n}=\frac{w(w-1)\cdots(w-n+1)}{n!}$$ is $p$-integral; i.e., it can be ...
- 17k
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1
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Can a polynomial be evaluated from evaluations of partial interpolations? (Or: can the unique solution of congruences be written in a certain way?)
Formally, let $K$ be a field, $a \in K[x]$, $D \subseteq K$, and $E = \{(x_i, a(x_i)) \mid x_i \in D\}$ be distinct evaluations of $a$ where $\lvert E\rvert > \operatorname{deg}(a)$ (so $E$ ...
- 12.9k
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Solution distribution in a quadratic congruence
Fix a modulus $M$. For varying $m$, consider the (possibly empty) set $R_{m,M}$ of roots of $x^2\equiv m^2+2 \pmod{M}$.
Are there good known bounds on
$$\sum_{m\le M^{1/100}}\sum_{r\in R_{m,M}}\min(M^{...
- 21
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On the determinant $\det[\gcd(i-j,n)]_{1\le i,j\le n}$
In Sept. 2013, I investigated the determinant
$$D_n=\det[\gcd(i-j,n)]_{1\le i,j\le n}$$
and computed the values $D_1,\ldots,D_{100}$ (cf. http://oeis.org/A228884). To my surprise, they are all ...
- 105k