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Say you are allowed to use Fourier analysis, complex variables, Euler-Maclaurin, etc., but no complex analysis - no holomorphic continuations, no definition of analytic function, and, in particular, ...

The problem is to show that $\Re L(b/2,1/2,p+1)>0$ for all real $b\ne0$ and all real $p>-1$, where $$L(\lambda,c,s):=\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{\exp(2\pi i\lambda k)}{(k+c)^s}$$ is the Lerch zeta-...

The set of elementary functions is defined so that it to be closed against operation of differentiation. It is also evidently close against discrete differentiation. In the discrete calculus there is ...