Adjoint of a Connection Using the Hodge Map? For a Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ with exterior derivative d, the codifferential  d$^\ast$ is defined to be the unique map for which
$$
g(\omega,d\omega') = g(d^* \omega,\omega'), ~~~ \omega,\omega' \in \Omega^{\bullet}.
$$
Now if $\ast$ is the Hodge map for $g$, then it is not too difficult to show that d$= (-1)^k\ast$ d $\ast$, when acting on $\Omega^k(M)$. 
When $M$ is a complex manifold with holomorphic and anti-holomorphic partial derivatives $\partial$, and $\overline{\partial}$, we have a similarly defined $\partial^\ast$, and $\overline{\partial}^\ast$, and a similar relation between these objects and the original derivatives involving the Hodge map (well actually there's a reversal but no matter). For the Lefschetz map something similar also happens.
What I would like to know is whether the adjoint $\nabla^*$ of the Levi--Civita connection $\nabla$ has some similar re-expression? Or is this too naive?
 A: Yes, even in a more general situation: Let $E\to M$ be a vector bundle with metric and metric connection $\nabla.$ Then there exists $d^\nabla\colon\Omega^k(M,E)\to\Omega^{k+1}(M,E)$ satisfying $d^\nabla(s\otimes\omega)=\nabla s\wedge\omega+s\otimes d\omega,$ and also the Hodge star extends to $\Lambda T^*M\otimes E.$ With this it is a nice exercise to compute that
the adjoint of $d^\nabla$ is $\delta^\nabla=(-1)^? * d^\nabla *,$ where the sign is the same as for the usual codifferential.
A: Unfortunately this does not work, because the Hodge $*$ operator commutes with the Levi-Civita connection. Indeed, we have
$$ \nabla (\langle u,v \rangle  dV) = 
\langle \nabla u, v \rangle  dV + (-1)^m \langle u, \nabla v \rangle  dV
= \nabla u \wedge * v + (-1)^m u \wedge *\nabla v
$$
because $\nabla dV = 0$ since the metric $g$ is parallel with respect to $\nabla$. The left hand side of this formula is again
$$
\nabla (u \wedge * v) = \nabla u \wedge *v + (-1)^m u \wedge \nabla(*v),
$$
from which we get $\nabla * = * \nabla$. It follows that $* \nabla * = ** \nabla = (-1)^l \nabla$ for some $l$.
There is an expression for $\nabla^*$ in terms of a local orthonormal frame in Werner Ballmann's Lectures on Kahler manifolds (Proposition 1.27, Chapter 1, p. 11) that says that if $(X_1, \ldots, X_n)$ is such a frame, and if $\hat\nabla$ is the dual connection, then
$$
\nabla^*u = - \sum_j X_j \llcorner \hat\nabla_{X_j} u.
$$
I don't know if this is what you're looking for, if not you might have more luck with Bocher-Weitzenböck type identities.
