On Ring Schemes The theory of group schemes seems to be well developed: there are many applications and examples, and the literature is vast. 
On the other hand, a quick google search with some obvious keywords (ring, schemes, algebraic) does not yield any good reference on Ring Schemes, nor any interesting examples (other than Witt schemes) or applications. My question, out of pure curiosity, is:
Is there any good introductory reference(s) to the subject? 
I'd be most interested in knowing what the important questions and applications of Ring schemes are.
 A: Some general results about ring schemes and algebraic rings can be found in the following papers by M. J. Greenberg: "Schemata over local rings" and "Algebraic rings", respectively. The concept of algebraic ring also appeared earlier in some work of Serre and Weil (see the references in the second paper above). There was also some early input from the Japanese school of ring theory.
Let's consider algebraic rings over an algebraically closed field $k$. It has been shown by Greenberg that an irreducible algebraic ring over $k$ is Artinian. Conversely, every commutative Artinian local ring carries the structure of (irreducible) algebraic ring. Moreover, as a variety a ring variety is isomorphic to an affine space, so there isn't as much variation as for algebraic groups. However, if $G$ is a group scheme (let's say affine and smooth) over an Artinian local ring $A$ with residue field $k$, then because $A$ is an algebraic ring, the so called Greenberg functor lets us view $G(A)$ as an algebraic group over $k$, and the structure of these groups can be quite complicated.
This in turn has applications for instance in the representation theory of reductive groups over finite rings. Algebraic rings have also found some applications in group theory and appear in a paper by M. Kassabov and M. Sapir called "Nonlinearity of matrix groups".
A: This is not a complete reference of course, but there is Lecture 26 (Ring Schemes; The Witt Scheme) in Mumford's book Lectures on curves on an algebraic surface
