# Binomial coefficients and derivatives of modular forms

Let $E_2$, $E_4$, and $E_6$ denote the standard Eisenstein series. The usual variables $q=e^{2\pi i\tau}$ allow us to regard the $E_n$'s as functions on either the upper half plane or the unit disk and we can define $E_n'=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\frac{d}{d\tau}E_n(\tau)=q\frac{d}{dq}E_n(q)$. I had cause to calculate a few of these and saw $$E_4'=\frac{1}{3}(-E_6+E_4E_2)$$ $$E_4''=\frac{5}{36}(E_8-2E_6E_2+E_4E_2^2)$$ $$E_4^{(3)}=\frac{5}{72}(-E_{10}+3E_8E_2-3E_6E_2^2+E_4E_2^3)$$ $$E_4^{(4)}=\frac{35}{864}(E_4^3-4E_{10}E_2+6E_8E_2^2-4E_6E_2^3+E_4E_2^4)-40\Delta$$ and $$E_6'=\frac{1}{2}(-E_8+E_6E_2)$$ $$E_6''=\frac{7}{24}(E_{10}-2E_8E_2+E_6E_2^2)$$ $$E_6^{(3)}=\frac{7}{36}(-E_4^3+3E_{10}E_2-3E_8E_2^2+E_6E_2^3)+168\Delta$$ It's a standard fact that the derivative of a modular form is quasimodular, so it's not surprising that we have polynomials in $E_2$. I am surprised about the appearance of the binomial coefficients though. Is there a deeper reason for their appearance? Also, I wonder if the/a pattern continues. For instance, it would be interesting if it happens that there always is some $\alpha \in \mathbb{Q}$ so that $$E_4^{(n)}-\alpha \sum_{k=0}^{n} (-1)^{k+n}\binom {n}{k}E_{4+2n-2k}E_2^{k}$$ is modular (and similarly for $E_6$). The other direction you could ask if the pattern extends is for other modular forms besides $E_4$ and $E_6$. I've taken a handful of derivatives of other Eisenstein series and saw similar results. You don't get the binomial coefficients though when you take derivatives of $\Delta$, so maybe at most something general can be said is for non-cusp forms.

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seems related to Rankin-Cohen brackets – Abdelmalek Abdesselam Jun 28 '11 at 22:35
yeah, that's what I was thinking, but I don't know how to use them here to say anything general – charris Jun 28 '11 at 22:50

The constant $\alpha$ in your question can be in fact written explicitly as $(k)_n/12^n$, where $(a)_n=\Gamma(a+n)/\Gamma(n)$ is the Pochhammer symbol (shifted factorial) and $k$ denotes the (even) weight of the corresponding Eisenstein series.

Your observation is indeed related to the Rankin--Cohen brakets; see Section 5.2 in [D. Zagier, Elliptic modular forms and their applications, The 1-2-3 of modular forms, Universitext (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 1–-103]. Preserving the notation $D$ of Zagier's lectures for your differential operator and picking a modular form $f$ of weight $k$, one can show that $D^nf$ transforms under the modular group as $$D^nf\biggl(\frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}\biggr) =\sum_{r=0}^n\binom{n}{r}\frac{(k+r)_{n-r}}{(2\pi i)^{n-r}} c^{n-r}(c\tau+d)^{k+n+r}D^rf(\tau),$$ by the induction on $n\ge 0$. In addition, the function $E_2(\tau)$ transforms as $$E_2\biggl(\frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}\biggr) =\frac{12c(c\tau+d)}{2\pi i}+(c\tau+d)^2E_2(\tau).$$ Therefore, it remains to verify that the difference $$g_n=D^nE_k-\frac{(k) _ n}{12^n}\sum_{r=0}^n(-1)^{n-r}\binom{n}{r}E_{k+2n-2r}E_2^r$$ satisfies $$g_n\biggl(\frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}\biggr)=(c\tau+d)^{k+2n}g_n(\tau).$$

Technicalities. Indeed, I found the remaining details quite boring, but going through my yesterday writing I have realised that your expectation fails already for $D^5E_4$ and $D^4E_6$. Here is my explanation why.

Because $g_n(\tau)$ is a $q$-series, so it is invariant under $\tau\mapsto\tau+1$, we can restrict to verifying the claim under the transformation $\tau\mapsto-1/\tau$ (that is, $a=d=0$, $b=-1$, and $c=1$). Then (we take $s=n-r$ in the above formula) $$D^nE_k(-1/\tau) =\sum_{s=0}^n\binom ns\frac{(k+n-s) _ s}{(2\pi i)^s}\tau^{k+2n-s}D^{n-s}E_k(\tau)$$ and \begin{aligned} & \frac{(k) _ n}{12^n}\sum_{r=0}^n(-1)^{n-r}\binom nrE_{k+2n-2r}E_2^r\bigg|_{\tau\mapsto-1/\tau} \cr &\qquad =\frac{(k) _ n}{12^n}\sum_{r=0}^n(-1)^{n-r}\binom nr\tau^{k+2n-r}E_{k+2n-2r}\biggl(\tau E_2+\frac{12}{2\pi i}\biggr)^r \cr &\qquad =\frac{(k) _ n}{12^n}\sum_{r=0}^n(-1)^{n-r}\binom nr\tau^{k+2n-r}E_{k+2n-2r}\sum_{s=0}^r\binom rs\frac{12^s}{(2\pi i)^s}\tau^{r-s}E_2^{r-s} \cr &\qquad =\frac{(k) _ n}{12^n}\sum_{s=0}^n\binom ns\tau^{r-s}\frac{12^s}{(2\pi i)^s}\tau^{k+2n-s} \sum_{r=s}^n(-1)^{n-r}\binom{n-s}{r-s}E_{k+2n-2r}E_2^{r-s}. \end{aligned} Subtracting the latter from the former we obtain \begin{aligned} g_n(-1/\tau) &=\sum_{s=0}^n\binom ns\frac{(k+n-s) _ s}{(2\pi i)^s}\tau^{k+2n-s}g_{n-s}(\tau) \cr &=\tau^{k+2n}g_n(\tau)+\sum_{s=1}^n\binom ns\frac{(k+n-s) _ s}{(2\pi i)^s}\tau^{k+2n-s}g_{n-s}(\tau). \end{aligned} Therefore, $g_n(-1/\tau)=\tau^{k+2n}g_n(\tau)$, hence $g_n(\tau)$ is a modular form (of weight $k+2n$), if and only if the additional sum over $s$ vanishes, that is, $g_{n-s}=0$ for $s=1,\dots,n$. The latter however does not happen when $k+2n>12$.

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Thanks for the great answer! I'm having a little trouble working out the last step. Is it as complicated as I seem to be making it? – charris Jul 3 '11 at 0:02

This isn't really an answer, but a long comment with a bit of LaTeX that thought would render poorly in the comment box.

The following fact may be lurking in the background here: While the derivative of a modular form of weight $k$ is not generally modular, the map $D$ on modular forms of weight $k$ defined by

$$D(f) = q\frac{df}{dq} - \frac{k}{12}f\cdot E_2$$ actually does preserve modularity.

I think this is sometimes called the Halperin-Fricke operator or something like this. It's also a derivation, for what it's worth. It certainly directly explains the first of your equations above, and I wonder if some cleverness iterating it would yield your more general observations.

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Thanks for the response Ramsey. I did have that in mind for the formulas for $E_4'$ and $E_6'$. I iterated those formulas then to find the others. What I'm really missing is the cleverness :) I've heard this $D$ called the Serre derivative also. – charris Jun 29 '11 at 0:02
Yeah, I seem to be missing said cleverness at the moment as well! At any rate, I thought I pass along $D$ in case you didn't know it, but it seems that you do. Incidentally, I now recall where I got the name of that operator. It was from Katz's "$p$-adic interpolation of real analytic Eisenstein series" where it is called the Halphen-Fricke operator, not the Halperin-Fricke operator. – Ramsey Jun 29 '11 at 2:36