Non-vanishing of group cohomology in sufficiently high degree Atiyah in his famous paper , Characters and cohomology of finite groups, after proving completion of representation ring in augmentation ideal is the same as $ K(BG)$, gives bunch of corollaries of this main theorem. One of them that catches my interest is: For any finite non-trivial group $G$ there exists arbitrary large integer $n$ such that $H^n(G,\mathbb{Z})\neq 0 $. I just wonder if anyone can prove this without this powerful theorem.
 A: One way is to use another powerful theorem :)
For example, one knows from a result of Dan Quillen that the Krull dimension of the cohomology ring with coefficients in a field with bad characteristic is the same thing as the $p$-rank of the group, that is, the maximal rank of an elementary abelian $p$-subgroup. This is nicely explained in Dave Benson's Representations and cohomology, vol. II, and is proved in [Quillen, Daniel. The spectrum of an equivariant cohomology ring. I, II. Ann. of Math. (2) 94 (1971), 549--572; ibid. (2) 94 (1971), 573--602. MR0298694 (45 #7743)]
It follows that for some prime $p$, the Krull dimension of $H^\bullet(G,\mathbb F_p)$ is positive, so it cannot vanish for $\bullet\gg0$, and then the same thing holds with integer coefficients.  Indeed, this shows there are infinitely many non-zero degrees, answering Ryan's question in the comments to the main question.
A: Let $G \to GL_N (C)$ be the regular representation. Pick a nontrivial subgroup $Z/p \subset G$ for a prime $p$ and consider the composition $Z/p \to GL_N(C)$, inducing $BZ/p \to BGL_N (C)$. If we can show that this map is nonzero in arbitrarily high cohomological degree, the theorem is proven.
Let $L_k$ be the $1$-dim representation of $Z/p$ with the generator acting by $e^{2 \pi i k/ p}$. The restriction of the regular representation of $G$ to $Z/p$ is a multiple (say $m$ times) of the sum
$$L_0 \oplus L_1 \ldots \oplus L_{p-1}.$$
Let $x \in H^2 (Z/p)$ be the first Chern class of $L_1$; this is a generator. Since $L_i$ is the $i$th tensor power of $L_1$, the total Chern class of $L_i$ is $1+ix$. Therefore, the total Chern class of the regular representation on $Z/p$ is
$$((1+x)(1+2x) \ldots 1+(p-1)x))^m.$$
In particular, the $m(p-1)$st Chern class is 
$$z=\prod_{k=1}^{p-1} k^m x^{m(p-1)} \neq 0,$$
the latter because $p$ is a prime. Because $H^{\ast} (Z/p; Z) = Z[x]/(px)$, all powers of $z$ are nonzero. Therefore: write $|G|=pm$, $p$ prime. Then $H^{2 m (p-1)k } (G) \neq 0$ for all $k\geq 1$.
A: Yes, Richard Swan is the first to prove it, The Nontriviality of the Restriction Map in the Cohomology of Groups (1959):
The restriction $res^G_H:H^i(G)\rightarrow H^i(H)$ is nonzero for an infinite number of values of $i>0$.
As a corollary, for any prime $p$ dividing $|G|$, the $p$-primary component $H^i(G)_{(p)}$ is nonzero for an infinite number of values of $i>0$.
He actually proves this in a more general case, where $G$ is a compact Lie group and $H$ is a closed subgroup (defining group cohomology with the classifying spaces $BG$ and $BH$).  The proof uses basic cohomological and Lie group principles.
A: The first purely algebraic proof of this fact seems to be from Leonard Evens: 


*

*A Generalization of the Transfer Map in the Cohomology of Groups, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 108(1963), 54-65 [Theorem 3] 


where he proves the result with help of his norm map. After having established the basic properties of the norm map, the proof is rather elementary: Let $C$ be a cyclic subgroup of prime order of $G$ and let $x$ be a generator of $H^2(C,\mathbb{Z})$. Then the powers of $y = N^G_C(x)$ yield non-trivial cohomology classes of $H^*(G,\mathbb{Z})$ in degrees divisible by $(G:C)$. 
From a historical point of view the norm map already occured in disguise in Evens´ paper 


*

*The Cohomology Ring of a Finite Group, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 101(1961), 224-239 


where he proves finte generation of the cohomology ring. 
