What information Hilbert polynomial encodes other than dimension, degree and arithmetic genus? Consider the Hilbert polynomial for a projective scheme.
The degree, dimension and arithmetic genus extract information from the lowest term and the highest term in the polynomial.  What about all other terms?  It would seem they encode some more info about our scheme. I could not find any reference to these coefficients, though.
So my question is what else can we learn about our scheme from the Hilbert polynomial?
Thanks
 A: For a curve, that's all of course, since the polynomial is linear.
Now let's say $X$ is a smooth surface with an ample divisor $H$ and canonical
divisor $K$, we have the Hilbert polynomial
$$\chi(\mathcal{O}_X(nH))= \frac{1}{2}nH(nH-K) + \chi(\mathcal{O}_X)$$
by Riemann-Roch. So the linear coefficient gives you the degree of the canonical
divisor. In higher dimensions, the more general form of Riemann-Roch
$$\chi(\mathcal{O}_X(nH)) = \int_X ch(\mathcal{O}(nH))td(X)$$
tells you that you're basically getting certain Chern numbers in $X$ and $H$ as coefficients.
What is perhaps simpler, is to use  the recurrence formula
$$\chi(\mathcal{O}_{H\cap Y}(nH)) =\chi(\mathcal{O}_Y(nH))- \chi(\mathcal{O}_Y((n-1)H))$$
to see that the Hilbert polynomial determines and is determined by the arithmetic genera of $X$ and
 the complete intersections $H$, $H_1\cap H_2$ etc.
A: Another way to look at this is the following: In my opinion, the important invariant is the Hilbert polynomial. It is not a single number, but it is still an invariant.
Actually one should be careful with what one means by the Hilbert polynomial. It is really the Hilbert polynomial with respect to an ample line bundle or what's the same an embedding.
Anyway, my point is that the Hilbert polynomial is an invariant that subschemes of projective space have to share in order to be deformation equivalent. (It is not sufficient for that though!)
This implies that when you are constructing moduli spaces you fix the Hilbert polynomial first. The resulting moduli space is still possibly disconnected, but it will be of finite type. (Insert here a longer discussion of Hilbert schemes.)
The fact, as Donu has already pointed out, that for curves the Hilbert polynomial is equivalent to the dimension, degree, and arithmetic genus is sort of a special case. These are obvious invariants that had been studied independently of Hilbert polynomials. It is a reassurance of their importance that they make up the Hilbert polynomials of curves. One can imagine that instead of defining Hilbert polynomials, one could define the various coefficients along the way Donu explains and then get similar results, but I think it would become pretty clumsy that way as if you consider the coefficients individually their transformation rules become pretty complicated.
