What kind of completion is this? Let $X$ be a compact Hausdorff space, and $C(X)$ the unital commutative C*-algebra of continuous functions on it. The double Banach dual $C(X)^{**}$ is a commutative von Neumann algebra and hence has a compact Hausdorff space $X^{**}$ as Gelfand spectrum again. What is $X^{**}$, in terms of $X$?
This gives an (idempotent?) endofunctor (monad?) on the category of compact Hausdorff spaces, that I don't recognize as any of the usual ones like Stone-Cech. What completion is it? Is it related to the functor taking a compact Hausdorff space to the $\sigma$-algebra generated by its opens?
Accounts of enveloping von Neumann algebras of (commutative) C*-algebras in terms of double Banach duals seem hard to find in the literature, and any references are welcome. What is the von Neumann algebra $C(X)^{**}$, in the first place? 
 A: For what it's worth, I found a lot of information in [Dales, Lau & Strauss, "Second duals of measure algebras", Dissertationes Mathematicae 481:1-121, 2012]. The assignment $X \mapsto X^{\ast\ast}$ is functorial, and called the hyper-Stonean cover. It loses information: if $X$ is countable, then $X^{\ast\ast} \cong \beta\mathbb{N}$. 
If $X$ is metrizable and uncountable, a lot of the structure of $X^{\ast\ast}$ is known -- it is characterised as follows:


*

*$X^{\ast\ast}$ is hyper-Stonean;

*the set $D$ of isolated points of $X^{\ast\ast}$ has cardinality $2^{\aleph_0}$, its closure $Y$ is a clopen subspace homeomorphic to $D_d$;

*$X\setminus Y$ contains a family of $2^{\alpha_0}$ pairwise disjoint, clopen subspaces, each homeomorphic to $\mathbb{H}$;

*the union $U$ of the above sets is dense in $X \setminus Y$, and $\beta U = X \setminus Y$.



In general, there exist a continuous projection $p \colon X^{\ast\ast} \to X$ and a (not necessarily injective) injection $i \colon X \to X^{\ast\ast}$ with $i \circ p = 1_{X^{\ast\ast}}$. Moreover, $X$ consists of the isolated points of $X^{\ast\ast}$, and is therefore open.
A: This perhaps should just be a comment, but it seemed to get slightly too long. It's also a bit disjointed as I am in a rush right now; sorry for that
I don't think one has a particularly good description of $C(X)^{**}$ as a von Neumann algebra, other than "it is what it is". I mean, it's called the enveloping von Neumann algebra, and it has an appropriate universal property, but that doesn't really "say what it is" in the sense your final question seems to ask.
The adjunction you describe has I think been well studied, but off-hand I am not sure about good references.
Spaces $X^{**}$ (in your notation) are necessarily hyper-stonean, and I guess what you are getting is some kind of hyperstonean cover (dual to the idea of $C(X)^{**}$ as a vN envelope). Google turns up the following paper from 1988
Hyperstonean cover and second dual extension
which might, if not directly relevant, at least have pointers to the literature.
A: This is done in Conway's book on Functional Analysis, (at least as a Banach space but the proof should work as a Von Neumann algebra as well), although I don't have the book on me and don't know the exact chapter/section reference. Note that if $\mu$ and $\nu$ are measures on $X$ with $\mu <<\nu$ and $f=0$ $\nu$ almost everywhere then $f=0$ $\nu$ almost everywhere so we have a well-defined map $L^{\infty}(X,\nu)\to L^{\infty}(X,\mu).$ One can endow theinverse limit, call it Y, of $L^{\infty}(X,\mu)$ under these maps as a Banach space and show that it is isomorphic to $C(X)^{**}.$ The duality between $Y$ and $M(X)$ is somewhat clear, if $f=[f_{\mu}]$ is a compatible collection of functions (so $f_{\mu}=f_{\nu}$ $\mu$ almost everywhere if $\mu<<\nu$) then the integral of $f_{\mu}$ against $\mu$ is well-defined for each $\mu\in M(X)$ and gives the duality between $Y$ and $M(X).$
A: How about this:  Take a maximal family $(\mu_i \colon i \in I)$ of mutually singular probability measures on $X$.  Then $C(X)^* = M(X)$ is isometric to the $l^1$-sum of the spaces $L^1(\mu_i)$.  Even when $X = [0,1]$ this is an uncountable direct sum.  So $C(X)^{**}$ is the $l^\infty$ sum (or maybe call it the product) of the spaces $L^\infty(\mu_i)$.
