holomorphic K-theory Topological K-theory is usually defined by setting $K(X)$ to be the groupification of the monoid $Vect_\mathbb{C}(X)$ of complex vector bundles over $X$ (with addition given by Whitney sum).  However, we can alternatively declare that $[B]\sim [A]+[C]$ whenever $0\rightarrow A \rightarrow B\rightarrow C\rightarrow 0$ is a short exact sequence of vector bundles over $X$ (morphisms are required to have locally constant rank): certainly if $B\cong A\oplus C$ then we have such a sequence, and in the other direction we can take a metric on $B$ and identify $C$ with $A^\perp \subseteq B$.
You can take the $K$-theory of any abelian category using this second definition.  So, I'm curious to know if people do this for the category of holomorphic vector bundles over a complex manifold.  The above splitting construction no longer works since it uses partitions of unity, so assuming we use this more general definition we'd get more equivalence relations.  On the other hand, there's all this funny business going on with vector bundles topologically but not holomorphically isomorphic, which means that $K_{hol}(X)$ wouldn't just be a subquotient of $K(X)$.  So in the end, I'm not sure whether I should expect this to be a more or less tractable sort of object.
I'm told that the Chow ring might have something to do with this, but the wikipedia page seems to indicate that it's more analogous to singular cohomology than anything else.
 A: Grothendieck proved that there is an analytification  functor $X \mapsto X^{an}$ from  schemes locally of finite type over $\mathbb C$ to the category of (non-reduced!) analytic spaces, which is fully faithful when restricted to proper schemes. This induces isomorphisms from $K-$ groups in the algebraic sense on $X$ to $K-$ groups in the holomorphic sense on $X^{an}$ . This is  just a mild generalization of Serre's GAGA principle proved for reduced, projective  varieties. So this settles your problem in the compact algebraizable case, by telling algebraic geometers to solve it ( and they actually know quite a lot of the K-theory of schemes !)
In the diametrically opposed case of Stein manifolds, a landmark theorem of Grauert also answers your request. Namely, given a complex  manifold there is an obvious forgetful functor $Vecthol(X) \to Vecttop(X)$ from isomorphism classes of holomorphic vector bundles
on $X$ to isomorphism classes of topological vector bundles
on the underlying topological space $X^{top}$. If $X$ is Stein,  Grauert proved that the functor is an isomorphism of monoids : every topological vector bundle has a unique holomorphic structure. ( Results of this nature fit into what is called the "Oka principle". ) There are no extension problems for short exact sequences $0 \to \mathcal E \to \mathcal F \to \mathcal G \to 0$ because they all split: in the Stein case thanks to theorem B and in the topological case because of partitions of unity (theorem B in disguise, actually: fine sheaves are acyclic). So in the Stein case too you can relax and ask topologists to do your work .
Finally, there are complex manifolds between these extreme cases. I am not aware of a general theory there ( of course that proves nothing but my ignorance) . This looks like an interesting topic of investigation, especially in view  of Winkelmann's theorem ( link to survey here) that on every compact holomorphic manifold of positive dimension $n $ there exists a non-trivial holomorphic vector bundle of rank $\leq n$.
