Let $\mathcal{A}_{g,D}$ be the moduli space of abelian varieties of dimension $g$ and polarization $D$ of type $(d_1, \ldots, d_g)$.
Let $\mathcal{M}$ be the moduli space parametrizing pairs $(A, \mathcal{L})$, where $A \in \mathcal{A}_{g,D}$ and $\mathcal{L}$ is a non-trivial $2$-torsion line bundle on $A$, i.e. a non-zero element of $\textrm{Pic}^0(A)$ such that $\mathcal{L}^{\otimes 2}=\mathcal{O}_A$.
Then there is a covering
$\pi \colon \mathcal{M} \longrightarrow \mathcal{A}_{g,D}$
of degree $2^{2g}-1$, given by $[A, \mathcal{L}] \to A$.
Question Is the monodromy group of $\pi$ transitive? Or, equivalently, is $\mathcal{M}$ connected?
The answer is yes when $g=1$, i.e. for elliptic curves. In fact in this case $\mathcal{M}$ is a particular case of a more general construction called the moduli space of spin curves, which was studied by several authors (Cornalba, Verra, Farkas, etc).
What about the case $g \geq 2$? Is there any reference? I'm particularly interested to the case where $g=2$ and $D=(1,2)$.
EDIT Let me explain better the case I'm interested in, hoping that this can be helpful. Let $(A, D)$ be an abelian surface with polarization of type $(1,2)$, which I assume to be not of product type. The linear system $|D|$ is a pencil, that is $h^0(D)=2$, its general element is irreducible and up to a translation we can take $\mathcal{O}_A(D)$ symmetric, i.e. $(-1)_A^* \mathcal{O}_A(D)= \mathcal{O}_A(D)$. Therefore the base locus of $|D|$ is given by the zero element $o$ of $A$ and by three $2$-division points $e_1$, $e_2$, $e_3$ such that $e_1+e_2=e_3$.
There are exactly three $2$-torsion line bundles $\mathcal{L}_1$, $\mathcal{L}_2$, $\mathcal{L}_3$ on $A$ such that there exists an element in the "translated pencil" $|D \otimes \mathcal{L}_i|$ having a double point at $o$ (which is easily proven to be a node). The set
$\{\mathcal{O}_A, \mathcal{L}_1, \mathcal{L}_2, \mathcal{L}_3\}$
form a subgroup of $\textrm{Pic}^0(A)$ isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}/(2) \times \mathbb{Z}/(2)$, which is exactly the image of the map
$\phi \colon A[2] \longrightarrow \textrm{Pic}^0(A)[2]$,
see Laurent Moret-Bailly's answer.