Professor Atsushi Murase from Kyoto Sangyo University was kind enough to reach out to Professor Kato for the 1978 preprint. It's a 41 page typewritten text in English. I am uncertain whether I can post it publicly, but if you write me an email I can forward the preprint I received to you.
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Professor Tomonori Moriyama from Osaka University gave me some background information:
The paper you mentioned is the master thesis of S-I. Kato under the
supervision of Prof. N. Iwahori, which is hand-written and written in
Japanese. I read it in the library of Graduate School of Mathematical
Sciences of University of Tokyo more than 20 years ago.
The basic strategy of proof is more or less the same as T. Shintani's 1976
paper On an explicit formula for class-1 “Whittaker functions” on
GL$_n$ over $p$-adic fields, but there are much more complicated
case-by-case arguments.