Multiplicative order of zeros of the Artin-Schreier Polynomial This question was asked on NMBRTHRY by Kurt Foster:
If $p$ is a prime number and $\mathbb{F}_p$ the field of $p$ elements, the zeroes of the Artin-Schreier polynomial
$x^p - x - 1 \in \mathbb{F}_p[x]$
obviously have multiplicative order dividing  $1 + p + p^2 + \dots + p^{p-1} = (p^p - 1)/(p-1)$ (express the norm as the product of the compositional powers of the Frobenius map)
Once upon a time, long long ago, I read that it had been conjectured (by Shafarevich IIRC) that this is the exact multiplicative order for every prime $p$.  Can anyone supply a reference?
 A: I've never seen it ascribed to Shafarevich, but it is an old question. As a question, it equivalent to determining the period mod p of the sequence of Bell numbers discussed, e.g. in:
Levine, Jack; Dalton, R. E.
Minimum periods, modulo p, of first-order Bell exponential integers.
Math. Comp. 16 1962 416–423. 
But they refer to even older papers. Any conjecture is wishful thinking since we can't get past $p=29$ or so with current technology. (Edit: As Kevin points out in the comments, I am seriously underestimating current technology, so this comment applies only to last century.)
Incidentally, I proved that the order is at least $2^{2.54p}$ in JTNB 16 (2004) 233-239.
A: The current computational status is that this is known for all p < 126 and also for p = 137, 149, 157, 163, 167 and 173. See Peter L. Montgomery, Sangil Nahm and Samuel S. Wagstaff Jr., "The period of the Bell numbers modulo a prime", Math. Comp., 79, 271, July 2010, 1793-1800.  The method used requires a factorization of (p^p-1)/(p-1) which is hard for larger p :-)
