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It is known that the coefficient of $q^t$ in Gaussian binomial coefficient $\binom{m+n}m_q$ equals the number of permutations of the multiset $\{0^m, 1^n\}$ with $t$ inversions.

Is there a closed formula for the polynomial $f_{m,n,k}(q_{01},q_{02},q_{12})$, where the coefficient of $q_{01}^{t_{01}} q_{02}^{t_{02}} q_{12}^{t_{12}}$ equals the number of permutations of the multiset $\{0^m, 1^n, 2^k\}$ with $t_{ij}$ inversions formed by elements $i,j\in\{0,1,2\}$?

Clearly, we should have the following specializations: $$\begin{cases} f_{m,n,k}(1,1,1) = \binom{m+n+k}{m,\ n,\ k}, \\ f_{m,n,k}(q,1,1) = \binom{m+n+k}k\binom{m+n}m_{q}, \\ f_{m,n,k}(1,q,1) = \binom{m+n+k}n\binom{m+k}m_{q}, \\ f_{m,n,k}(1,1,q) = \binom{m+n+k}m\binom{n+k}n_{q}, \\ f_{m,n,k}(1,q,q) = \binom{m+n}m\binom{m+n+k}k_{q}, \\ f_{m,n,k}(q,1,q) = \binom{m+k}m\binom{m+n+k}n_{q}, \\ f_{m,n,k}(q,q,1) = \binom{n+k}n\binom{m+n+k}m_{q}, \\ f_{m,n,k}(q,q,q) = \binom{m+n+k}{m,\ n,\ k}_{q}. \end{cases} $$

This question may be relevant.

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    $\begingroup$ Well at least we can say $f_{m,n,k}(q,q,q) = \binom{m+n+k}{m,n,k}_q = \binom{m+n+k}{m}_q\binom{n+k}{n}_q \binom{k}{k}_q = \frac{[m+n+k]_q!}{[m]_q![n]_q![k]_q!}$. The proof is simple, same as showing multinomial is product of binomials: first choose the position of the $0$'s, then the $1$'s, then the $2$'s. See also: math.stackexchange.com/questions/1940045 $\endgroup$ May 16, 2023 at 16:04
  • $\begingroup$ @SamHopkins: Indeed, thanks! I've added this specialization to the question. $\endgroup$ May 16, 2023 at 16:26
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    $\begingroup$ I note that every one of the 125 polynomials $f_{m,n,k}(q_{01},q_{02},q_{03})$ with $(m,n,k) \in [1,5]^3$ is irreducible. $\endgroup$ May 17, 2023 at 8:46
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    $\begingroup$ Another, belated, comment. In the same way that the binomials (and $q$-binomials) are related to the Grassmannian, the multinomials with three parameters $\binom{m+n+k}{m,n,k}$ are related to 2-step flag varieties. So your polynomial could be related to 2-step flag varieties. Note that while they do not behave quite as nicely as Grassmannians, more is known about 2-step flag varieties than general flag varieties. $\endgroup$ Jun 4, 2023 at 1:23

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