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While proving that the dual of $H^1$ is $BMO$ in Harmonic Analysis: Real-Variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals, page 143, Stein says that we have $\left\Vert g \right\Vert_{H^1} \leq c|B|^{1/2}\left\Vert g \right\Vert_{L^2}$ where the $L^2$ norm is on a ball which contains the support of g: $$ \left\Vert g \right\Vert_{L^2} = \left( \int_B \left\vert g \right\vert^2 dx \right)^{1/2}. $$

He does not provide a proof of this inequality but references the following on page 112: the size condition $|a| \leq |B|^{-1/p}$ can be replaced by the weaker condition $$ \left( \frac{1}{|B|} \int_B |a|^q dx \right)^{1/q} \leq |B|^{-1/p}$$

with $q > 1$ if $p=1$, and with $q = 1$ if $p < 1$.

My question is how to prove the inequality $\left\Vert g \right\Vert_{H^1} \leq c|B|^{1/2}\left\Vert g \right\Vert_{L^2}$ using the $H^1$ atomic norm: $$\left\Vert g \right\Vert_{H^1} = \inf \left\{\sum_{i=1}^\infty |\lambda_i| \colon g = \sum_{i=1}^\infty \lambda_i a_i \right\} $$ where $a$ is an atom and the infimum is taken over all representations of $g$ as a linear combination of atoms? I have seen a proof using the maximal function characterization of the $H^1$ norm but was wondering how you would do it with this one.

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1 Answer 1

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The inequality you are trying to prove is exactly the equivalence of the spaces $H^1$ and $H^{1,2}$. So you are basically looking for a proof of the equivalence of $H^{1,p}$ spaces that relies on atoms.

You can find a proof that relies on atomic characterization in "P. Auscher, L. Bandara, Real Harmonic Analysis", Theorem 6.1.8.

It is also interesting that this kind of proof can be adapted to spaces of homogeneous type, see Theorem A in "R. Coifman, G. Weiss, Extensions of Hardy spaces and their use in analysis"

Also is worth noting that Stein uses $H^{1,p}$ spaces equivalence to prove $H^1$-$BMO$ duality and then from this he deduces $BMO_p$ spaces equivalence and John-Nirenberg inequality. It is also possible to do the opposite thing: prove John-Nirenberg inequality using Calderòn-Zygmund decomposition, use it to prove $H^1$-$BMO$ duality and from it deduce the equivalence of $H^{1,p}$ spaces. For this kind of approach see "J.L. Journè, Calderon-Zygmund Operators".

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