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Let

  • $X := \mathbb R^n$,
  • $C_b(X)$ the space of all real-valued bounded continuous,
  • $C_c(X)$ the space of all real-valued continuous functions with compact supports, and
  • $C_c^\infty(X)$ the space of all real-valued smooth functions with compact supports.

Let $\mu, \mu_n$ be Borel probability measures on $X$. We say that $\mu_n$ converges to $\mu$ weakly iff $$ \mu_n \rightharpoonup \mu \overset{\text{def}}{\iff} \int_X f \mathrm d \mu_n \to \int_X f \mathrm d \mu \quad \forall f \in C_b(X). $$

Because $\mathbb R^n$ is locally compact and separable, we have $$ \mu_n \rightharpoonup \mu \iff \int_X f \mathrm d \mu_n \to \int_X f \mathrm d \mu \quad \forall f \in C_c(X). $$

Can we further restrict the space of test functions to $C_c^\infty (X)$?

Thank you so much for your elaboration!

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  • $\begingroup$ You seem to be missing some sort of tightness condition. Suppose that $\mu_n$ is the point measure at $\{n\}$. Then this converges to zero along $C_c$ but not along $C_b$. $\endgroup$
    – terceira
    Jan 12 at 21:33
  • $\begingroup$ @terceira It seems in your example $\mu_n := \delta_n$. Could you explain what is your $\mu$? $\endgroup$
    – Analyst
    Jan 12 at 21:37
  • $\begingroup$ My $\mu$ is the zero measure. $\endgroup$
    – terceira
    Jan 12 at 21:44
  • $\begingroup$ @terceira Ah my $\mu, \mu_n$ are all probability measures. $\endgroup$
    – Analyst
    Jan 12 at 21:45
  • $\begingroup$ Sorry, missed that. $\endgroup$
    – terceira
    Jan 12 at 21:47

1 Answer 1

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Any $f\in C_c(X)$ can be uniformly approximated by functions $f_n\in C_c^\infty(X)$, say by convolving $f$ with appropriate mollifiers $\psi_n\in C_c^\infty(X)$.

So, your desired conclusion indeed follows.

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  • $\begingroup$ Thank you so much for your help! I have just got the same conclusion from this answer in which Stone–Weierstrass theorem is appealled. $\endgroup$
    – Analyst
    Jan 12 at 20:33

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