Calculating degree via homotopy I'm looking for a reference for the following:
Suppose that $f_1,f_2\colon S^n\rightarrow S^n$ are smooth maps. Let $i\colon S^n\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ be the inclusion, and suppose that $F\colon S^n\times I \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ is a smooth homotopy of $i\circ f_1$ and $i\circ f_2$. Moreover, suppose that 0 is a regular value for $F$. Then $$\deg(f_2)-deg(f_1)=d(F),$$ where $d(F)$ is the Brouwer degree of $F$ (i.e., $d(F)$ is $F^{-1}(0)$ counted with signs given by the Jacobian).
When $F^{-1}(0)=\emptyset$ this follows from the classical Hopf theorem, but I'm not sure how to prove this in general (though it should be equally classical).
 A: I believe this follows from the fact that 'bordant' maps induce the same map on homology. So, for example: suppose $W$ is an oriented $(n+1)$-manifold with boundary and $W \to \mathbb{R}^{n+1}-\{0\}$ is a map. Then the composite $\partial W \to W \to \mathbb{R}^{n+1}-\{0\}$ is trivial on $H_n$.
In your case you'd like to apply this in the following way:

*

*Remover a tubular neighborhood of $F^{-1}(0)$ to get a manifold $W$ with boundary given (with orientations) by $\overline{S^n} \amalg S^n \amalg K$ where $K$ is the sphere bundle associated to the normal bundle of $F^{-1}(0)$.

*Observe that $F^{-1}(0)$ was a finite collection of points, so $K$ is a union of spheres. The resulting maps have degree as you indicated (since you may shrink the original tubular neighborhood until the map $F$ is well approximated by its derivative).

To prove the fact, observe that the boundary map $H_{n+1}(W,\partial W) \to H_n(\partial W)$ takes the fundamental class to the fundamental class, hence is surjective, so that the next map in the sequence $H_n(\partial W) \to H_n(W)$ is zero.
