Density of restrictions of harmonic functions inside a ball Let $B$ be the closed unit ball in $\mathbb R^3$ centered at the origin and let $U= \{x\in \mathbb R^3\,:\, \frac{1}{2}\leq |x| \leq 1\}.$ Let
$$ S_U= \{u \in C^{\infty}(U)\,:\, \Delta u =0 \quad\text{on $U^{\textrm{int}}$}\},$$
and
$$ S_B= \{u \in C^{\infty}(B)\,:\, \Delta u =0 \quad\text{on $B^{\textrm{int}}$}\}.$$
Is the following statement true? Given any $\epsilon>0$ and any $u \in S_U$, there exists an element $v \in S_B$ such that $\|v-u\|_{L^2(U)} \leq \epsilon$.
 A: Suppose that $u\in S_{U}$. Then I claim that $\inf\{\|u-v\|_{L^{2}(U)}:v\in S_{B}\}$ is bounded below by the standard deviation of the spherical symmetrization $u^{\sharp}$ of $u$.
For this post, the $L^{2}(U)$ norm will be with respect to the normalized area probability measure on $U$. Let $\mu$ be the Haar probability measure on the group of all $3\times 3$ orthogonal matrices. Let $\nu$ be the normalized area probability measure on $S^{2}$.
Define the spherical symmetrization $w^{\sharp}$ of a function $w$ by letting $$w^{\sharp}(x)=\int_{A\in O(3)}(w\circ A)(x)d\mu(A).$$ Observe that $$w^{\sharp}(x)=\int_{y\in S^{2}}w(\|x\|\cdot y)d\nu(y).$$
Observe that if $w$ is harmonic, then $w^{\sharp}$ is also harmonic, and there are constants $\alpha,\beta$ such that $w^{\sharp}(x)=\frac{\alpha}{\|x\|}+\beta$ (this fact generalizes to all dimensions $n\geq 2$).
By Jensen's inequality, if $r\in[0,1)$ and $x\in S^{2}$, then
$$(f^{\sharp}(rx)-g^{\sharp}(rx))^{2}=(\int_{y\in S^{2}}f(ry)-g(ry)d\nu(y))^{2}\leq\int_{y\in S^{2}}(f(ry)-g(ry))^{2}d\nu(y).$$
Therefore, by integrating, we obtain
$$\int_{x\in S^{2}}(f^{\sharp}(rx)-g^{\sharp}(rx))^{2}dx\leq\int_{y\in S^{2}}(f(ry)-g(ry))^{2}d\nu(y).$$
Therefore, if $f,g:U\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ are continuous, then
$\|f^{\sharp}-g^{\sharp}\|_{L^{2}(U)}\leq\|f-g\|_{L^{2}(U)}$
Suppose $u\in S_{U},v\in S_{B}$. Since $v$ is harmonic on $B$, the function $v$ satisfies the mean-value property, so the function $v^{\sharp}$ is constant.
Therefore, $$\text{Var}(u^{\sharp})\leq\|u^{\sharp}-v^{\sharp}\|_{L_{2}(U)}^{2}\leq\|u-v\|_{L^{2}(U)}^{2}.$$
There are plenty of functions $u$ that are harmonic on $U$ but where
$u^{\sharp}$ is non-constant on $U$ (such as the Newtonian potential), and for each such function, we have $$\text{Var}(u^{\sharp})>0.$$ This proof generalizes to any dimension $n\geq 2$ where the balls $B,B\setminus U$ have any radii but are still centered at $0$.
A: No. If $\varphi \in C^\infty_c(B)$ is a bump function equal to $1$ in $\lvert x\rvert \leq 1/2$ then from Green's theorem we have
$$ \int_B u \Delta \varphi = 0$$
for all $u \in S_B$, but the same is not true in general for typical $u \in S_U$, which by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality implies that $u$ is a positive distance away from $S_B$ in the $L^2(U)$ norm.  For instance, if we take $u = K\rvert_U \in S_U$ where $K(x) = \frac{-1}{4\pi \lvert x\rvert}$ is the Newton potential (the fundamental solution to $\Delta K = \delta$) then
$$ \int_B u \Delta \varphi = \int (\Delta K) \varphi = 1 \neq 0$$
and hence $u$ is a positive distance from $S_B$.
One can create similar obstructions using functions $\varphi$ which behave like a specified spherical harmonic in the angular variable (instead of being constant in the angular variable, which is basically what is being done here).
