M. M. Artyukhov / М. М. Артюхов Does anybody know any biographical information about М. М. Артюхов (e.g., first name, affiliation)?
It seems he discovered a criterion for primality equivalent to the Solovay–Strassen one in 1966, in this paper: Некоторые критерии простоты чисел, связанные с малой теоремой Ферма.
(Keith Conrad discusses the story a little bit here: The Miller–Rabin test.)
I'm just curious. :-)
 A: He was a docent in charge of the Chair of Mathematical analysis in what is now North Ossetia State University in Vladikavkaz. At the time, the city was called Ordzhonikidze, and the university was a "pedagogical institute".
Source. There's an e-mail address there (the one starting with kmatan); you probably can enquire if you are interested in further details.
A: In the books [1], pp. 41-42 and [2], p. 67, it is stated that his name (and patronymic) is Mikhail Mikhailovich, confirming Anatoly Kochubei's comment to Kostya_I's answer. References also state that he was born on the 26 of April 1910 in Moscow, laureated from (the then called) Leningrad University in 1936, become "aspirant" (aspirant in science) until 1939, then "kandidat fiz.-matem. nauk" (candidate in physics and mathematical sciences) and "docent" (professor) from 1945 onward. After 1954 he worked at the North Caucasus (Ordzhonikidze) Metallurgical Institute ([1], p. 41), thus Kostya_I's answer is further confirmed. In [1], p. 42, there's a list of six of his works, the first being dated 1934 and the latest one being dated 1957: in [2], p. 67, the list is continued with four more works, dated from 1958 to 1963.
References
[1] Fomin, S. V.; Shilov, G. E., eds. (1970), Математика в СССР 1958–1967 [Mathematics in the USSR 1958–1967] (in Russian),  Том второй: Биобиблиография выпуск второй М–Я, Москва: Издательство "Наука", p. 762, MR 0250816, Zbl 0199.28501.
[2] Kurosh, A. G.; Vityushkov, V. I.; Boltyanskii, V. G.; Dynkin, E. B.; Shilov, G. E.; Yushkevich, A. P., eds. (1959), Математика в СССР за сорок лет 1917–1957 [Mathematics in the USSR 1917–1957] (in Russian), Том второй: Биобиблиография, Москва: Государственное Издательство Физико–Математическои Литературы, p. 819, MR 0115874, Zbl 0191.27501.
