$\newcommand\PP{\mathbb P}$
Surely $n_\min \lesssim d$, because it works for $c = 1/4$ and $n=160d$.
We use that the number of "distinct" $v$ with respect to the classifiers $\textrm{sgn}\langle \cdot, z_i \rangle$ is
$$ \sum_{i=0}^{d-1} \binom{n-1}{i} \le \left( \frac{ne}{d} \right)^d $$
The proof can be found in
[Bürgisser and Cucker (2013), Lemma 13.7]. (Anyone has a better reference?)
Let $X = \lvert \left\{ i ~:~ \langle z_i, e_1 \rangle \right\} \rvert$ for a basis vector $e_1$.
Then, by the union bound
$$ \PP \left[ ~\exists v ~~ \lvert \left\{ i ~:~ \langle z_i, v \rangle > 0 \right\}\rvert < cn \right]
\\
\le \left( \frac{ne}{d} \right)^d \PP \left[ X < cn \right]
\\
\le \exp(d\log(n) - \frac{n}{16} + d - d \log{d})
\\
= \exp(\log(160)d - 9d) \xrightarrow{d \to \infty} 0$$
where we used the Chernoff bound on $\PP[X < cn]$, in the form
$$ \PP\left[X \le (1 - \delta) \mathbb E[X] \right] \le \exp(-\frac12 \delta^2 \mathbb E[X]). $$
As noted in the comment by Sandeep Silwal, $n_{\text{min}} \ge d$ due to the strict inequality sign in the question. So the answer to the original question is $n_{\text{min}} = \Theta(d)$.