Dense subcategory of measurable spaces Recall the notion of a dense subcategory $\mathcal{D}$ of a category $\mathcal{C}$. It means that the restricted Yoneda functor $\mathcal{C} \to \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal{D}^{op},\mathbf{Set})$, $A \mapsto \mathrm{Hom}(-,A)|_{\mathcal{D}}$ is fully faithful. Roughly, it means that $\mathcal{D}$ "detects morphisms" in $\mathcal{C}$.
One can show that $\mathbf{Meas}$, the category of measurable spaces$^1$, has no small dense subcategory. Trivially, $\mathbf{Meas}$ is a dense subcategory of $\mathbf{Meas}$, but that is not  very interesting.
Question. What is an example of a "quite small" proper dense full subcategory of $\mathbf{Meas}$?
By "quite small" I mean that we are not just removing a bunch of measurable spaces, but rather that the objects of the dense subcategory are parametrized by a very simple structure. Imagine, very informally, there was a measure on $\mathbf{Meas}$, then I want the dense subcategory to be of measure $0$.
We can assume that the one-point measurable space belongs to the subcategory. If $\mathcal{K}$ denotes the rest, we have the following characterization of density: If $X,Y$ are measurable spaces, then a map $f : X \to Y$ is measurable iff for every measurable map $a : A \to X$ for $A \in \mathcal{K}$ the composition $f \circ a : A \to Y$ is measurable. (This is what I meant above with "detecting morphisms"). The question asks for such a class of measurable spaces.
At first you might think that this is completely impossible. I had the same suspicion for $\mathbf{Top}$, but it turns out that for $\mathbf{Top}$ it is possible: take the one-point-space and the topological spaces of the form $P \cup \{\infty\}$ for directed sets $P$, where the sets $P_{\geq p} \cup \{\infty\}$ form a local base at $\infty$. This subcategory is dense: This is just a fancy way of saying that a map is continuous iff it preserves net convergence. Maybe there is some similar theory of "net convergence" for measurable spaces? I found the related discussion What properties are preserved under a measurable mapping?, but I am not sure if Eric Wofsey's answer settles my question, because convergent filters cannot be seen as maps.
$^1$ Since Dmitri Pavlov's notion of a measurable space has become quite prominent on mathoverflow, let me mention that I use the "classical" definition here. It's just a set with a $\sigma$-algebra. However, if there was a very good answer for Pavlov's measurable spaces, I would be happy to hear about that too.
 A: A rather satisfying answer to this question can be given if one is willing to equip measurable spaces with a σ-ideal of negligible sets (i.e., sets of measure 0, except that we need not choose any specific measures).
This is an extremely natural choice to make, since
the resulting category is contravariantly equivalent
to the category of commutative von Neumann algebras.
Assuming we are working in the category CSLEMS of compact strictly localizable enhanced measurable spaces described there,
one can give a complete classification (essentially due to von Neumann and Maharam) of objects in CSLEMS
up to an isomorphism.
Specifically, any objects of CSLEMS
is canonically isomorphic to the disjoint union of its atomic and nonatomic parts,
and the nonatomic part is canonically isomorphic to the disjoint
union of nonempty measurable spaces $F_κ$, where $κ$ is an infinite cardinal
and $F_κ$ is noncanonically isomorphic to $I⨯2^κ$,
where $I$ is an infinite set and $2^κ$ is interpreted as the product
of $κ$ copies of measurable spaces $2=\{0,1\}$.
(And for $κ=0$ we recover the atomic part mentioned above, so it is also covered by this construction if we allow $I$ to be finite in this case.)
Furthermore, the classification works in the relative case, i.e.,
for morphisms in CSLEMS.
Indeed, mapping to a disjoint union of measurable spaces amounts to partitioning the domain and mapping each part separately.
Thus, it suffices to describe maps of the form $F_κ→F_λ$
for some infinite cardinals $κ$ and $λ$ (we can also allow $κ=0$ or $λ=0$).
Such morphisms exist if and only if $κ≥λ$.
Furthermore, after performing a further (canonical) partition of the domain and codomain, we can make the resulting parts noncanonically isomorphic
to the projections $I⨯J⨯2^κ→I⨯2^λ$, given by the product
of the projection $I⨯J→I$ and the projection $2^κ→2^λ$.
This relative Maharam theorem allows us to easily identify dense subcategories of CSLEMS: these are precisely those subcategories
that have objects with nonempty components $F_κ$ for arbitrary large cardinals $κ$.
In particular, no such subcategory can be small.
For example, we could take the spaces $2^κ$ for all infinite cardinals $κ$.
