Take the 53$^{rd}$ cyclotomic ring of integer and the homomorphism $\sigma: \zeta\to\zeta^2$ with the primitive root 2 modulo 53. Kummer's class number formula gives the prime 4889. Because every ideal is invariant under the homomorphism $\sigma$$^{52}\equiv id$ and the class group must be cyclic, the homomorphism $\sigma$ can only send every class $C$ to the class $C^\xi$ where $\xi$ must be a (not necessarily primitive) 52$^{nd}$ root modulo 4889 so that $\xi^{52}\equiv 1 \bmod{4889}$. There are 52 different prime ideals $\sigma^k\langle 107, \psi_{107}(\zeta)\rangle = \langle 107, \sigma^k\psi_{107}(\zeta)\rangle$. The second generator $\psi_{107}(\zeta)$ of the prime ideal can be taken from the first theorem in chapter 4.12 of Fermat's last theorem by Edwards. In Dedekind rings it is then easy to prove that the greatest common divisor of the ideals $\langle 107\rangle$ and $\langle\psi_{107}(\zeta)\rangle$ is the prime ideal $\langle 107, \psi_{107}(\zeta)\rangle$. A more detailed analysis of this ring then gives the class equivalence $\sigma\langle 107, \psi_{107}(\zeta)\rangle = \langle 107, \sigma\psi_{107}(\zeta)\rangle \sim \langle 107, \psi_{107}(\zeta)\rangle^{3637}$. The 'zip code' 3637 is of no further interest. However it is a primitive 52$^{nd}$ root modulo 4889 and we have a clear-cut relationship between the cyclic class group of this ring and the cyclic Galois group $\operatorname{Gal}(\mathbb{Q}(\zeta)/\mathbb{Q}) = \{\operatorname{id} = \sigma^0, \sigma^1, \dots, \sigma^{51}\}$.
Now take the 41$^{st}$ cyclotomic ring of integer, the homomorphism $\sigma: \zeta \to \zeta^6$ with the primitive root $6 \bmod{41}$ and the cyclotomic integer $g_1(\zeta) = \zeta^6 - \zeta^8 - \zeta^{20}$. The ideal $\langle g_1(\zeta)\rangle$ factorizes to $\langle g_1(\zeta)\rangle = \langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^2\cdot\langle 83, σ^8\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$. The process of factorizing cyclotomic ideals is described in the chapters 4.11ff. of Edwards. I outlined this process in my answer to this question on math.stackexchange. The cyclotomic integer $g_2(\zeta) = - \zeta^4 + \zeta^{10} + \zeta^{21} + \zeta^{28} + \zeta^{39}$ factorizes to $\langle g_2(\zeta)\rangle = \langle 83,
\sigma^8\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle\cdot\langle 83, \sigma^{28}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$ so that we get the class equivalence $\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^2 \sim \langle 83, \sigma^{28}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$. Squaring this equivalence gives
$$\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^4 \sim \langle 83, \sigma^{28}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^2 \sim \sigma^{28}[\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^2] \sim \sigma^{28}\langle 83, \sigma^{28}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle = \langle 83, \sigma^{2·28}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle.$$
Consecutive squaring gives $\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^{2^k} \sim \langle 83, \sigma^{28k}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$ and we get the general relationship $\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^n \sim \langle 83, \sigma^{4k}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$ for an integer $n$ because $\operatorname{gcd}(28, 40) = 4$. For $k=10$ we get $\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle^{1024} \sim \langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$ or the ideal $\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\rangle)\rangle^{1023}$ is principal. Kummer's class number formula gives $11^2$ so that the class order of the ideal $\langle 83, \psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$ is $11$ with $1023 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 31$. Then we have 4 class subgroups $\langle 83, \sigma^{m+4k}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle, m \in \{0,1,2,3\}$. But the class number is $11^2$ so that the combination of the classes of 2 subgroups gives the classes of the remaining 2 class subgroups. For example the cyclotomic integer $s_2(\zeta) = \zeta^{28} + \zeta^{36} - \zeta^{39}$ factorizes to $\langle s_2(\zeta)\rangle = \langle 83, \sigma^{14}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle\cdot\langle 83, \sigma^{24}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle\cdot\langle 83, \sigma^{33}\psi_{83}(\zeta)\rangle$. Therefore the homomorphism $\sigma$ sends the class of one class subgroup to the next class subgroup. And we only have a clear relationship between the homomorphism $\sigma^{4k}$ of the Galois group of this ring and the classes because the homomorphism $\sigma^4$ does not send the classes of one class subgroup to the next. However the class group $\mathbb{Z}/11\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/11\mathbb{Z}$ has been confirmed.
The matter gets worse with the 163$^{rd}$ cyclotomic ring of integers. We take the homomorphism $\sigma: \zeta \to \zeta^2$ with the primitive root $2 \bmod{163}$. I could only determine the class group of the prime ideals that factorize to maximal 27 conjugate prime ideals. The analysis gives a class subgroup of $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. Take the four classes $c$, $d$, $e$, $f$, each the generator of one cyclic class subgroup $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ with class order 2. Then each ideal of order 2 can be assigned to a class $(c^r, d^s, e^t, f^u)$. We take the letter I for the principal divisor. The ideals $\langle q, \psi_{q}(\zeta)\rangle$ with $q = 61, 199, 347$ all have six conjugates (see chapter 4.9 of Edwards). The analysis similar to that above gives
\begin{align*}
\langle 61, \sigma^0\psi_{61}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, I, I, I)\\
\langle 61, \sigma^1\psi_{61}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (I, I, e, I)\\
\langle 61, \sigma^2\psi_{61}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (I, d, I, I)\\
\langle 61, \sigma^3\psi_{61}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (I, I, I, f)\\
\langle 61, \sigma^4\psi_{61}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, d, I, I)\\
\langle 61, \sigma^5\psi_{61}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (I, I, e, f)\\
\langle 199, \sigma^0\psi_{199}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (I, d, e, I)\\
\langle 199, \sigma^1\psi_{199}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (I, d, I, f)\\
\langle 199, \sigma^2\psi_{199}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, d, I, f)\\
\langle 199, \sigma^3\psi_{199}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, d, e, f)\\
\langle 199, \sigma^4\psi_{199}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, I, e, f)\\
\langle 199, \sigma^5\psi_{199}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, I, e, I)\\
\langle 347, \sigma^0\psi_{347}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, I, I, f)\\
\langle 347, \sigma^1\psi_{347}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (c, d, e, I)\\
\langle 347, \sigma^2\psi_{347}(\zeta)\rangle &\sim (I, d, e, f)
\end{align*}
and we have $\langle 347, \sigma^0\psi_{347}(\zeta)\rangle \sim \langle 347, \sigma^3\psi_{347}(\zeta)\rangle$. Here the action of the Galois group on the prime ideal $(61, \sigma^0\psi_{61}(\zeta))$ does not exhaust the classes of the class subgroup $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. It does not even form a class subgroup of $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. Hence we have lost all relationship between the class group and the Galois group.
My experience with class groups of cyclotomic rings of integer taught me that the classes have a structure on their own though in general there does not seem to be any link between the classes and other algebraic structures of these rings.
You can get my determination of the class groups of the rings above and other cyclotomic rings here.
