I am trying to make sense of integration by parts on a Kähler manifold $X$ equipped with a Kähler metric $\omega$. Given two smooth real functions $f$ and $h$ on $X$, I want to write down the integration by parts formula for the following: $$\int_{X} h \Delta_{\omega} f \omega^n.$$ In local coordinates $\Delta_{\omega} f = \sum_{i, j} g^{i \bar\jmath} \partial_{\bar\jmath} \partial_{i}f$. My guess is that $$\int_{X} h \Delta_{\omega} f \omega^n = -\int_{X} g^{i \bar\jmath} \partial_{\bar\jmath} h \partial_{i} f \omega^n.$$ However, this is not quite right since the LHS is real while the right hand side is not necessarily so. What is the correct formula? Is there a general strategy for thinking of such things in the complex case?
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2$\begingroup$ Try to write in terms of the exterior derivative and the Hodge star, since integration by parts is Stokes' theorem applied to an exact form. $\endgroup$– Ben McKayDec 3, 2020 at 9:16
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$\begingroup$ The formula that you wrote is correct, and the RHS is real! The integrand is not always real-valued, but the integral is. $\endgroup$– YangMillsDec 3, 2020 at 13:55
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$\begingroup$ Is it obvious that the integral has to be real?@YangMills $\endgroup$– pennyDec 3, 2020 at 14:05
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$\begingroup$ It follows from the equation that you wrote, since the LHS is real. Proving your formula is a simple exercise using the divergence theorem (and the definition of covariant derivatives for a Kahler metric). $\endgroup$– YangMillsDec 3, 2020 at 14:36
1 Answer
Assume $(X, d = \partial + \bar{\partial})$ to be a compact Kähler manifold. The Kähler metric $g$ induces a metric on all differential forms, which we will also call $g$. It follows that $\omega^n$ defines a Hilbert space of $i$-forms on $X$ by $$ \langle u, v\rangle = \int_X g(u,v) \omega^n. $$ For functions $u, v$, this is $$ \langle u, v\rangle = \int_X u \bar{v} \omega^n. $$
The adjoints $d^*$ and $\bar{\partial}^*$ are the operators such that for all $(i-1)$-form $u$ and all $i$-form $v$, $$ \langle du,v\rangle = \langle u,d^*v\rangle,\quad\langle\bar{\partial}u,v\rangle = \langle u, \bar{\partial}^* v\rangle. $$ The expression $\bar{\partial}^*$ equals $-* \bar{\partial} *$, where $*$ is the Hodge-$*$ and it involves the Kähler metric $g$.
The Laplacian is then $$ \Delta_d = d^* d + d d^* = 2 (\bar{\partial} \bar{\partial}^* +\bar{\partial}^* \bar{\partial}) = 2 \Delta_{\bar{\partial}}. $$ Since $h,f$ are functions, we have $$ \langle h, \Delta_{\bar{\partial}} f\rangle = \langle h, (\bar{\partial} \bar{\partial}^* +\bar{\partial}^* \bar{\partial}) f\rangle = \langle\bar{\partial}^* h, \bar{\partial}^* f\rangle + \langle\bar{\partial} h, \bar{\partial} f\rangle = \langle\bar{\partial} h, \bar{\partial} f\rangle. $$ In terms of your notation, this means $$ \int_X h \Delta_\omega f \omega^n = \int_X g(\bar{\partial} h, \bar{\partial} f) \omega^n. $$