Metric / strong slope restriction of function on unit ball in $\mathbb R^m$ Diclaimer. I'm not sure this is the right venue for this question, but I'll give it a try


Definition [Strong / metric slope]. Given a complete metric space $(M,d)$ and a function $f:M \to (-\infty,+\infty]$, define its strong slope at a point $x \in M$, denote $\partial |f|(x)$, by
$$
|\partial|f(x) := \begin{cases}0,&\mbox{ if }f\text{ attains a local minimum at }x,\\
\limsup_{y \to x}\frac{f(x)-f(y)}{d(x,y)},&\mbox{else.}\end{cases}
$$

This concept crops up in gradient-flow literature for metric spaces, probability spaces, etc. For more details on this concept, see this monograph and the references therein.

Now, consider the unit ball $\mathbb B_m := \{x \mid \|x\| \le 1\}$ in $\mathbb R^m$, seen as a metric space equipped with euclidean distance.
Question
Fix $n\ge 1$ points $a_1,\ldots,a_n \in \mathbb R^m$ and consider the convex function $f:\mathbb B_m \to \mathbb R$ defined by $f(x) := \max \{a_i^\top x \mid i = 1,\ldots,n\}$.

How to go about computing $|\partial|f(x)$ ?

Note. Ultimately, I'm only interested in uniform lower-bound on $\partial |f|(x)$ for $\|x\| < 1$, i.e finding $\alpha > 0$ such that $\inf_{x \in \mathbb B_m^\circ}\partial |f|(x) \ge \alpha$.
Any useful hints will be very much appreciated.
Observations

*

*I know how to solve the problem in case the domain of $f$ is replaced with the entire flat space $\mathbb R^m$. Indeed, in this case, I can prove that $|\partial|f(x) \ge \gamma := \min_{q \in \Delta_{n-1}}\|A^\top q\|$, where $A$ is the $n \times m$ matrix with $i$th row equal to $a_i$.

*In the spherical case (the setup of my problem), even the completely linear scenario where $n=1$, i.e $f(x) \equiv a_1^\top x$, is already not clear to me.

*In the case of Banach spaces (of which $\mathbb B_m$ is not!), there are known uniform lower-bounds in terms of Hadamard derivatives.

 A: Disclaimer. I'm going to answer post an answer, since I'm probably the only one interested in this problem...

So, after rethinking my problem, I'm fine with replacing the unit-sphere by its convex hall, namely, the closed unit-ball $\mathbb B_m$. For $\tilde{f}$ be the extension which agrees with $f$ on $\mathbb B_m$ and equals $\infty$ outside that ball (thanks to a comment by user @Laithy).
Basic theory for convex functions
Let $X = (X,\|\cdot\|)$ be a Banach space with topological dual $X^\star =(X^\star,\|\cdot\|_\star)$.
The following result about stronge slope of convex functions is well-known

Fact 1. If $f:X \to (-\infty,+\infty]$ is an extended-value convex function, then
$$
|\partial|f(x) = \|\partial f(x)\|_\star := \inf \{\|v\|_\star \mid v \in \partial f(x)\},
$$
where $\partial f(x) := \{v \in X^\star\mid f(y) \ge f(x) + \langle v,y-x\rangle \;\forall z \in X\}$.

Combining this with the subdifferential rule for sums of convex functions, we have

Fact 2. Let $\tilde f:X \to \mathbb R$ be a convex function, $C$ be a nonempty convex subset of $X$, and define an extended-value convex function $f:X \to (-\infty,+\infty]$ by $f(x) = \tilde{f}(x)$ if $x \in C$, and $f(x) = \infty$ else. Then
$$
|\partial|f(x) = \inf \{\|u + v\|_\star \mid u \in \partial f(x),\; v \in N_C(x)\},
$$
where $N_C(x) \subseteq X^\star$ is the normal cone of $C$ at $x$.

Application to my problem
For my specific problem, we have

*

*$X = \mathbb R^m$, a Banach space with the euclidean norm.

*$C = \mathbb B_m$ the unit ball in $\mathbb R^m$.

*$N_C(x) = \begin{cases}\mathbb R_+ x,&\mbox{ if }\|x\| = 1,\\\{0\},&\mbox{ if }\|x\| < 1,\\\emptyset,&\mbox{ if }\|x\| > 1.\end{cases}$

*$f:\mathbb R^m \to \mathbb R$, $f(x) := \max_{i \in [n]}a_i^\top x$. Thus, $\partial \tilde f(x) = \mbox{conv}(\{a_i \mid i \in I(x)\}$, where $I(x):= \{i \in [n] \mid a_i^Tx = \tilde{f}(x)\}$

*$f = \tilde{f} + i_C$.

Thus, invoking Fact 2 gives

*

*Case 1: $\|x\| < 1$. Let $A$ be the $n \times m$ matrix whose $i$th row is $a_i$. Noting that $N_C(x) = \{0\}$, one computes

$$
\begin{split}
|\partial |f(x) &= \inf\{\|u\| \mid u \in \mbox{conv}(\{a_i \mid i \in I(x)\}\}\\
 &\ge \inf\{\|u\| \mid u \in \mbox{conv}(\{a_i \mid i \in [n]\}\},\text{ since inf. on larger set is smaller}\\
&= \inf_{q \in \Delta_{n-1}}\|A^\top q\|.
\end{split}
$$

*

*Case 2: $\|x\|=1$. Here, $N_C(x) = \mathbb R_+ x := \{tx \mid t \ge 0\} \subseteq \mathbb R^m$, and we get
$$
\begin{split}
|\partial |f(x) &= \inf\{\|u+tx\| \mid u \in \mbox{conv}(\{a_i \mid i \in I(x)\},\; t \ge 0\}\\
&\ge \inf_{q \in \Delta_{n-1},\;t \ge 0}\|A^\top q + tx\|\\
\end{split}
$$


*Case 3: $\|x\| > 1$. Here $N_C(x) = \emptyset$, and so
$$|\partial|f(x) = \inf\{\|u + v\| \mid u \in \partial \tilde{f}(x),\; v \in \emptyset\} = \inf \emptyset = \infty.
$$
In particular, I obtain the following result

Theorem. It holds that $\inf_{x \in \mathbb B_m^\circ}|\partial|f(x) \ge \min_{q \in \Delta_{n-1}}\|A^\top q\|.$

