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Let $p>3$ be a prime. We set $R=\{x\in\mathbb{Z}: (x/p)=1\}$, where $(\cdot/p)$ is the Legendre symbol. When $p\equiv3\pmod4$, by class formulae of imaginary quadratic fields $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-p})$, we can easily obtain that $$A_p:=\sum_{0<x<p/2,x\in R}x=(p^2-1)/16,\ \text{if}\ p\equiv7\pmod8,$$ and that $$A_p=\sum_{0<x<p/2,x\in R}x=(p^2-1+8ph(-p))/16,\ \text{if}\ p\equiv3\pmod8,$$ where $h(-p)$ is the class number of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-p})$. However, in the case $p\equiv1\pmod4$ I can not get the explicit value of $$A_p=\sum_{0<x<p/2,x\in R}x.$$

Your comments are welcome.

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    $\begingroup$ Amazingly, the sequence $A_p$ is not in the OEIS. $\endgroup$
    – Seva
    Aug 29, 2020 at 6:06
  • $\begingroup$ @Seva The search oeis.org/… brings up a certain number of sequences though. Maybe it is the summation below p/2 that makes the difference. $\endgroup$
    – Wolfgang
    Aug 29, 2020 at 7:10

1 Answer 1

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By standard formulas for values of L functions at negative integers, for $p\equiv1\pmod4$ one has $$A_p=(p^2-1)/16+aL(\chi_p,-1)\;,$$ with $a=3/4$ if $p\equiv1\pmod8$ and $a=5/4$ if $p\equiv5\pmod8$ where $\chi_p(x)=(x/p)$.

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  • $\begingroup$ Thank you for your nice answer. $\endgroup$
    – user125345
    Aug 29, 2020 at 14:07

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