Which stable homotopy groups are represented by parallelizable manifolds? The Pontryagin-Thom construction allows one to identify the stable homotopy groups of spheres with bordism classes of stably normally framed manifolds. A stable framing of the stable normal bundle induces a stable framing of the stable tangent bundle.
This means that a framed manifold (one whose tangent bundle is trivial, e.g. a Lie group) represents an element of the stable homotopy groups of spheres.
So some elements are represented by honestly framed manifolds (as opposed to stably framed).
What is known about such elements? Is every element of the stable homotopy groups of spheres represented by an honestly framed manifold (i.e. with a trivial tangent bundle)?
 A: $k \cdot[\mathrm{point}]\in \pi_0^s$ is represented by an honestly framed 0-manifold if and only if $k \geq 0$.
A: I think all elements are representable by honestly framed manifolds.
Let $M$ be a closed $d$-manifold with a stable framing, and consider the obstructions to destabilising a stable framing. Asumng $M$ is connected, which we can arrange by stably-framed surgery, there is a single obstruction, lying in $H^d(M ; \pi_d(SO/SO(d)))$.
If $d$ is even then $\pi_d(SO/SO(d)) = \mathbb{Z}$ and this obstruction may be identified with half the Euler characteristic of $M$. (As $M$ is stably framed, its top Stiefel--Whitney class vanishes and so its Euler characteristic is even.) We can change $M$ to $M \# S^p \times S^{2n-p}$ by doing a trivial surgery in a ball, and the stable framing extends over the trace of such a surgery. By taking $p$ to be 1 or 2 we can therefore change the Euler characteristic by $\mp 2$: thus we can change $M$ by stably framed cobordism until its Euler characteristic is 0, whence the stable framing destabilises to an actual framing.
If $d$ is odd then then $\pi_d(SO/SO(d)) = \mathbb{Z}/2$ and the obstruction is obscure to me (it is realised by the stable framing induced by $S^d \subset \mathbb{R}^{d+1}$, and is non-trivial even in Hopf invariant 1 dimensions where $S^d$ does admit a framing). I can't see an elementary argument for $d$ odd, but I think it is nontheless true by the following.
Let $d=2n+1$ with $d \geq 7$ (lower dimensions can be handled manually). Consider the manifold
$$W_g^{2n} = \#g S^n \times S^n.$$
This has a stable framing by viewing it as the boundary of a handlebody in $\mathbb{R}^{2n+1}$. By doing some trivial stably-framed surgeries as above (with $p=2,3$ say, to keep it simply-connected), we can change it by a cobordism to a manifold $X$ having an honest framing $\xi$. I wish to apply [Corollary 1.8 of Galatius, Randal-Williams, ``Homological stability for moduli spaces of high dimensional manifolds. II"], to $(X, \xi)$. There is a map
$$B\mathrm{Diff}^{fr}(X, \xi) \to \Omega^{\infty+2n} \mathbf{S}$$
given by a parameterised Pontrjagin--Thom construction. Now there is a step that I would have to think about carefully, but I think that the choices made can be arranged so that $(X,\xi)$ has genus $g$ in the sense of that paper, and so taking $g$ large enough the map above is an isomorphism on first homology. But this has the following consequence: any element $x \in \pi_{2n+1}(\mathbf{S})$ is represented by the total space of a fibre bundle
$$X \to E^{2n+1} \overset{\pi}\to S^1$$
with a framing of the vertical tangent bundle (and the Lie framing of $S^1$).
(Again, I'm sure there must be a more elementary way of seeing this.)
A: Repeating the first part of Oscar's answer and elaborating on comments by Chris and Panagiotis, here is a down-to-earth argument in all cases:
The cases $n=1,3,7$ are fine, since the stable stems are in these degrees generated by $S^1$, $S^3$, $S^7$ with the unstable framing induced by the multiplication in the unit complex numbers, quaternions, or octonions.
In the other cases, we use that the obstruction to destabilising a given stable framing $F$ of an oriented closed manifold $M^n$ lies in $H^n(M,\pi_n(SO/SO(d))$, which is isomorphic (in a preferred way) to $\mathbb{Z}$ if $n$ is even and to $\mathbb{Z}/2$ if $n$ is odd. It is not too hard to see that, with respect to this isomorphism, the obstruction is given by the semi-characterstic: half the Euler characteristic for $n=2d$ and $\sum_{i=0}^d\mathrm{dim}(H_i(M,\mathbb{Z}/2))\text{ mod  }(2)$ for $n=2d+1$ and $n\neq1,3,7$. In particular, the obstruction to destabilising is independent of $F$ which is somewhat surprising.
Originally this was proved by to Bredon and Kosinksi [1] who used a more geometric description of this obstruction: it is the degree (mod $2$ if $n$ is odd) of the Gauss map $M\rightarrow{S^n}$ induced by the stable framing $TM\oplus \varepsilon\cong \varepsilon^{n+1}$ (take the image of the canonical vector field in the trivial line bundle and normalize).
Now observe that, as Oscar explained, by doing a couple of trivial surgeries in a ball corresponding to taking connected sums with $S^1\times S^{n-1}$ or $S^2\times S^{n-2}$ and extending the stable framing, any stably framed bordism class in even dimensions contains a representative with trivial Euler-characteristic. The same works with the semi-characteristic in odd dimensions (here at most one surgery is necessary), so by the discussion above every stably framed bordism class has a representative whose stable framing can be destabilised.
[1] G.E. Bredon and A. Kosinski, Vector fields on $\pi$-manifolds. Annals of Math. 84, 85– 90 (1960).
A: In terms of homotopy theory, the questions is that when an element of $\pi_n^s$ pulls back to an element of $\pi_{n+i}S^i$ for some $i$ and the answer to this question is positive by Freudenthal's suspension theorem as there is an epimorphism
$$\pi_{2n+1}S^{n+1}\longrightarrow \pi_n^s$$
unless you put more restrictions, e.g. ask for some specific $i$. The point is that there could be two different pull backs whose normal bundles are not isomorphic, only stably isomorphic. An example is given by $\eta_3\in\pi_8^3$ which equals to $\eta\sigma=\sigma\eta$ in $\pi_*^s$. However, one can do some unstable computations to show that one pulls back one step further than the other. Hence, as unstable elements they are not the same really, but map to the same element. I think it could be interesting to sort this out in terms of bordism theory and I don't know if such specific examples are considered somewhere in the literature.
ADDED I think the answer still is positive. I think manifolds with tangential structures are understood in terms of Madsen-Tillmann spectra using the Madsen-Tillmann-Weiss map; experts can comment more on this and correct me if this is wrong or vague. In the case of trivialisation of the tangent bundle of $m$ dimensional manifolds, the relative spectrum is $\mathbb{S}^{-m}=\Sigma^{-m}S^0$. The general result of Galatius-Madsen-Tillmann-Weiss provides an interpretation of $\pi_i\Omega^\infty\mathbb{S}^{-m}$ in terms of specific submersions (I guess). Now, the point is that $\pi_i^s\simeq\pi_{i-m}\mathbb{S}^{-m}$ for any $m>0$ and I think again using Freudenthal's theorem one can see the answer is positive.
