Can triangulations (or some related combinatorial structure) distinguish smooth structures on $RP^4$? There are exotic versions of $RP^4$, constructed by Cappell-Shaneson, which are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic to the standard $RP^4$. One way to distinguish them is via the $\eta$ invariant of $Pin^+$ Dirac operators on them, c.f. the article "Exotic structures on 4-manifolds detected by spectral invariants" by Stolz, Invent. math. 94, 147-162 (1988) (pdf here).
I was wondering if there was a known combinatorial way to distinguish the smooth structures, e.g. in the following senses:


*

*Can one construct triangulations of $RP^4$ (e.g. via Morse theory) that must 'correspond' to one of the smooth structures?

*If a triangulation by itself can't distinguish smooth structures, is there some additional combinatorial data that one can put on top of the triangulation to distinguish them, like the branching structure on the triangulation?
The motivation for this question is based on some papers (https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.07628, https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.05833) that construct topological invariants via state-sums on triangulations (generalizing the Crane-Yetter sum) that speculate whether exotic structures can be detected via the state-sum. So it's natural to ask whether such manifolds can even be distinguished combinatorially. And something like this could seem plausible because in 4 dimensions, every manifold is smooth iff it is triangulable. 
(If low-brow answers exist, that would be nice since I don't know much about exotic manifolds.)
 A: $\newcommand{\RP}{\mathbb{RP}}\newcommand{\C}{\mathbb C}\newcommand{\cC}{\mathcal C}$Here's a TFT-style argument
for why it should be possible in principle to use an invariant of triangulations to distinguish $\RP^4$ from
Capell-Shaneson's fake $\RP^4$, which I'll call $Q$; however, the specific invariant needed has likely not been
constructed. (Moishe Kohan's comment is a much faster argument that such a combinatorial invariant exists, but hopefully this answer makes it more explicit what it would look like.)
Given a general $n$-dimensional pin+ TFT $Z'\colon\mathsf{Bord}_n(\mathrm{Pin}^+)\to\cC$, and
for a nice choice of target category $\cC$, there is expected to be an $n$-dimensional unoriented TFT
$Z\colon\mathsf{Bord}_n\to\cC$ obtained by “summing over pin+ structures,” akin to
the finite path integral in Dijkgraaf-Witten theory. For example, if $M$ is a closed, unoriented $n$-manifold and
$P^+(M)$ denotes its set of pin+ structures,
$$ Z(M) = \sum_{\mathfrak p\in P^+(M)} \frac{Z'(M, \mathfrak p)}{\#\mathrm{Aut}(\mathfrak p)}.$$
If $Z'$ is fully extended, and $\cC$ is chosen appropriately, it should be possible to define $Z$ as a fully
extended TFT as well. At present, though, I think this has only been shown up to category number 2 (once-extended
TFTs).
Moreover, it's believed that fully extended TFTs (again, for certain choices of target category $\cC$) can
all be constructed using state sums, with input data of a triangulation. There is work of Kevin Walker on
implementing this, though I don't know exactly what assumptions (e.g. choice of $\cC$) he works with.
Let's use this strategy to build a 4d unoriented TFT $Z$ which distinguishes $\RP^4$ from $Q$. Let $\zeta :=
e^{i\pi/8}$ and $\mu_{16}\subset\C^\times$ denote the multiplicative group of 16th roots of
unity, which is generated by $\zeta$. The 4d pin+ $\eta$-invariant is a $\mu_{16}$-valued invariant of
the Dirac operator on a pin+ 4-manifold; for the two pin+ structures on $\RP^4$, it takes
on the values $\zeta^{\pm 1}$, and for the two pin+ structures on $Q$, it takes on the values
$\zeta^{\pm 9}$. This is discussed in Kirby-Taylor, “Pin structures on low-dimensional
manifolds”; they also show this
$\eta$-invariant is a pin+ bordism invariant.
Freed-Hopkins show that any $\mathrm U_1$-valued bordism invariant $\alpha$ lifts to an invertible TFT $Z'$ such
that in top dimension, $Z'(M) = \alpha(M)$. Such a TFT is expected to be fully extended, but so far has only been
constructed down to codimension 2, with target 2-category the Morita category of superalgebras over $\C$. In
any case, applying this to the $\eta$-invariant produces a 4d pin+ TFT, which will be our $Z'$.
Summing over pin+ structures as above, we obtain a 4d unoriented TFT $Z$, with values
$$ Z(\RP^4) = \frac{\zeta + \zeta^{-1}}{2},\qquad\quad Z(Q) = \frac{\zeta^9 + \zeta^{-9}}{2}.$$
Thus $Z(\RP^4)$ is a positive real number and $Z(Q)$ is a negative real number, so we have an (in principle) fully
extended 4d unoriented TFT distinguishing $\RP^4$ and $Q$, hence which should admit a state-sum description.
A: I'll convert my comment to an answer:
Yes, triangulations can distinguish two non-diffeomorphic smooth structures on any 4-dimensional manifold; in particular, given an exotic $RP^4$, there exists an exotic triangulation of topological $RP^4$ which is not PL-isomorphic to the standard triangulation. The reason is 2-fold:
a. The easy part is that each smooth manifold $(M, s)$ (regardless of its dimension) admits a compatible PL structure: One can find a smooth triangulation $\tau_s$ of $M$ whose links will be triangulated spheres. 
b. The hard part is a theorem due to Kirby and Siebenmann,  
Kirby, Robion C.; Siebenmann, Laurence C., Foundational essays on topological manifolds, smoothings and triangulations, Annals of Mathematics Studies, 88. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press and University of Tokyo Press. V, 355 p. hbk: $ 24.50; pbk: $ 10.75 (1977). ZBL0361.57004.
that in dimensions $\le 6$, the categories PL and DIFF are equivalent. 
In particular, if $s_1, s_2$ are non-diffeomorphic smooth structures on a topological manifold $M$ of dimension $\le 6$, then $\tau_i=\tau_{s_i}, i=1,2$, define non-isomorphic PL structures on $M$. Concretely, one can say that triangulations given by $\tau_1, \tau_2$ do not admit isomorphic subdivisions. (This property fails in dimension 7: Famously, there are 28 non-diffeomorphic smooth structures on $S^7$, but all PL structures on $S^7$ are PL-isomorphic. The other difference between DIFF and PL categories in dimensions $\ge 7$ is that there are PL manifolds of dimension $\ge 7$ which do not admit compatible smooth structures.) 
Here one is working with unordered simplicial complexes. Thus, "branching structures" which one can assign (possibly after a subdivision) to  triangulations $\tau_1, \tau_2$ are irrelevant. 
A: It is very hard to construct state-sum invariants that distinguish smooth structures in dimension 4, for this simple but crucial fact that is worth mentioning: if $M$ and $N$ are homeomorphic smooth 4-manifolds, it is often the case (I don't remember what condition is needed here) that $M \#_h( S^2 \times S^2)$ and $N\#_h (S^2 \times S^2)$ are diffeomorphic for some $h$. Therefore any combinatorial invariant where the value on $M$ may be deduced from that on $M \# (S^2 \times S^2)$ will not work. So for instance if your invariant is multiplicative on connected sums, it should vanish on $S^2 \times S^2$.
The most famous state-sum invariant in dimension 3 is the Turaev-Viro one, and it is multiplicative on connected sums and is almost never zero.
