N.B.: I am revising my response for clarity. (The actual answer to the question asked by the OP is still the same, but I think that this re-organization, particularly at the end, makes the structure of the argument for the answer more clear. I was inspired to do this because some people had some difficulty following the original.) I should also say that the main idea is essentially the one that Theo Johnson-Freyd proposed in his first comment on the question.
I'll use the more usual notation
$$
J_3(\mathbb{O}) = \left\{\ \left.\begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & a_3 & {\overline{a_2}} \\ \overline{a_3} & \lambda_2 & a_1 \\ a_2 & \overline{a_1} & \lambda_3 \end{pmatrix}\ \right| \ \ \lambda_i \in \mathbb{R}, \ a_i \in \mathbb{O} \right\}
\tag 1
$$
and the cubic form given by
$$
C = \lambda_1\lambda_2\lambda_3 + 2\,\mathrm{Re}(a_1a_2a_3)
- \lambda_1\,a_1\overline{a_1} - \lambda_2\,a_2\overline{a_2}
- \lambda_3\,a_3\overline{a_3}\,.
$$
Then $\mathrm{E}_6\subset\mathrm{GL}\bigl(J_3(\mathbb{O})\bigr)\simeq \mathrm{GL}(27,\mathbb{R})$ is the group of linear transformations of $J_3(\mathbb{O})$ that preserve the cubic form $C$ and $\mathrm{F}_4\subset\mathrm{E}_6$ is the subgroup that also fixes $I_3\in J_3(\mathbb{O})$. (Explicitly, $\mathrm{F}_4$ is a maximal compact in this noncompact real form $\mathrm{E}_6^{(-26)}$
of $\mathrm{E}_6$.)
The subgroup $\mathrm{Spin}(8)\subset{\mathrm{SO}(8)}^3$ is defined as the set of triples $g = (g_1,g_2,g_3)$ that satisfy
$$
\mathrm{Re}\bigl(g_1(a_1)g_2(a_2)g_3(a_3)\bigr) = \mathrm{Re}(a_1a_2a_3)
$$
for all $a_i\in\mathbb{O}$. Let $K_i\subset\mathrm{Spin}(8)$ for $1\le i\le 3$ be the subgroup that satisfies $g_i(\mathbf{1}) = \mathbf{1}$ (where $\mathbf{1}\in\mathbb{O}$ is the multiplicative identity). Each of the $K_i$ is isomorphic to $\mathrm{Spin}(7)$, any two of them generate $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$, and the intersection of any two of them is equal to the intersection of all three of them, which is a group isomorphic to $\mathrm{G}_2$, diagonally embedded in ${\mathrm{SO}(8)}^3$ as the automorphism group of the octonions.
As has already been observed, $\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ acts on $J_3(\mathbb{O})$ preserving $C$ via $a\cdot A = a\,A\,^{t}a$ (usual matrix multiplication), where $a\in\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ and $A\in J_3(\mathbb{O})$ are arbitrary. This is a faithful action, so, in this way, $\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ will be regarded as a subgroup of $\mathrm{E}_6$.
Meanwhile, by its very definition, $g = (g_1,g_2,g_3)\in\mathrm{Spin}(8)$ acts on $A\in J_3(\mathbb{O})$ via
$$
g\cdot \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & a_3 & \overline{a_2} \\ \overline{a_3} & \lambda_2 & a_1 \\ a_2 & \overline{a_1} & \lambda_3 \end{pmatrix}
= \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & g_3(a_3) & {\overline{g_2(a_2)}} \\ \overline{g_3(a_3)} & \lambda_2 & g_1(a_1) \\ g_2(a_2) & \overline{g_1(a_1)} & \lambda_3 \end{pmatrix}\tag 2
$$
and this faithful action preserves $C$ as well, so $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$ will also be regarded as a subgroup of $\mathrm{E}_6$.
Now, as mentioned, $\mathrm{SO}(3)$ and $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$ together generate $\mathrm{F}_4\subset \mathrm{E}_6$. Consequently (since there is no connected Lie group that lies properly between $\mathrm{F}_4$ and $\mathrm{E}_6$), it follows easily that $\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ and $\mathrm{Spin(8)}$ together generate $\mathrm{E}_6$.
We want to show that $\mathrm{SO}(3)$ and $K_1\simeq\mathrm{Spin}(7)$ also suffice to generate $\mathrm{F}_4$ while $\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ and $K_1\simeq\mathrm{Spin}(7)$ suffice to generate $\mathrm{E}_6$.
To do this, let $h\in\mathrm{SO}(3)\subset\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ be
$$
h = \begin{pmatrix}0&-1&0\\-1&0&0\\0&0&-1\end{pmatrix} = h^{-1} = {}^th.
$$
Then we have
$$
h\cdot\begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & a_3 & \overline{a_2} \\ \overline{a_3} & \lambda_2 & a_1 \\ a_2 & \overline{a_1} & \lambda_3 \end{pmatrix}
= \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_2 & \overline{a_3} & a_1 \\ a_3 & \lambda_1 & \overline{a_2} \\ \overline{a_1} & a_2 & \lambda_3 \end{pmatrix}.
$$
Consequently, for $g = (g_1,g_2,g_3)\in \mathrm{Spin}(8)$, computation yields
$$
h(g_1,g_2,g_3)h = \bigl(\ cg_2c,\ cg_1c,\ cg_3c\ \bigr)\in\mathrm{Spin}(8),
\tag 3
$$
where $c:\mathbb{O}\to\mathbb{O}$ is conjugation, i.e., $c(a) = \overline{a}$.
(Thus, conjugation by $h$ gives an involution of $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$ that, together with the order $3$ homomorphism $k(g_1,g_2,g_3) = (g_2,g_3,g_1)$, generates a group of automorphisms of $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$ isomorphic to $S_3$ that maps isomorphically onto $\mathrm{Out}\bigl(\mathrm{Spin}(8)\bigr)$. I imagine that this is what Theo Johnson-Freyd had in mind with his initial comment on this question.)
Note that $g_i(\mathbf{1}) =\mathbf{1}$ implies that $cg_ic = g_i$. Consequently, from the above formula $(3)$, it follows that if $g\in K_1$, then $hgh\in K_2$.
Thus the subgroup of $\mathrm{E}_6$ generated by $\mathrm{SO}(3)$ and $K_1 \simeq\mathrm{Spin}(7)$ contains $K_2$ and, hence, $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$ (since $K_1$ and $K_2$ generate $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$). Thus, this group is $\mathrm{F}_4$. Similarly, the subgroup of $\mathrm{E}_6$ generated by $\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ and $K_1 \simeq\mathrm{Spin}(7)$ contains $K_2$
and, hence, $\mathrm{Spin}(8)$. Thus, this group is $\mathrm{E}_6$, as desired.
Similar arguments (using similar choices of $h$) suffice to show that, for any of $i= 1$, $2$, or $3$, the subgroup of $\mathrm{E}_6$ generated by $\mathrm{SO}(3)$ and $K_i$ is $\mathrm{F}_4$, while $\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$ and $K_i$ generate $\mathrm{E}_6$.