There are many references where model categories, and their connection to homology, are described more. See this MO question for a list. For the example of $Ch(R)$, there are several model structures. Those that have quasi-isomorphisms as weak equivalences capture homological algebra (e.g., a morphism $f_*: C_* \to D_*$ is a weak equivalence if the map on homology $H_*(f)$ is an isomorphism). Similarly, there are model structures on the category of topological spaces, either for classical homotopy theory (where $f$ is a weak equivalence if all $\pi_*(f)$ are isomorphisms) or for homology (where $f$ is a weak equivalence if all $H_*(f)$ are isomorphisms). Indeed, this can be done for generalized homology theories, and the machinery of Bousfield localization allows you to change your model structure to focus on an enlarged class of weak equivalences in this way.
When the wikipedia page mentioned groups and $R$-algebras, it probably had in mind Quillen's early work producing model structures for simplicial groups and simplicial $R$-algebras. In these cases, the homotopy theory is lifted from the category of simplicial sets (a model for topological spaces), and the Dold-Kan correspondence gives an equivalence $Ch_{\geq 0}(\mathcal{A}) \simeq Fun(\Delta^{op},\mathcal{A})$ for an Abelian category $\mathcal{A}$. This is very clearly described in a note by Akhil Mathew. The homotopy theory of homological algebra on one side is equivalent to the homotopy theory coming from spaces on the other side, justifying the sentence on wikipedia.
There are also model structures on the category of groups (e.g., the trivial model structures), but they are boring. There are model structures on $R$-algebras for entirely different homotopy theories related to representation theory, e.g., you can start with the model structure on $R$-modules whose homotopy category is the stable module category (described in Hovey's book among other places), and can lift it to a model structure on $R$-algebras, as I wrote about here. Homotopy in these cases is about having the same representation theory in the stable module category (i.e., after quotienting out boring representations). This is probably not what wikipedia had in mind, but provides lots of applications of model categories.
There's far too much to possibly fit in a single MO answer, so I encourage you to read the references linked above, and ask more targeted questions as you go. Model categories have lots of applications, going far beyond "just" modeling computations in the underlying $(\infty,1)$-category (though, surely, this is an important application of the theory). For instance, when Javier Gutierrez and I proved the Blumberg-Hill conjecture using model categories, this really required the cofibrations, rather than only the weak equivalences. I don't know how to carry out that proof on the level of $(\infty,1)$-categories. The same is true of my recent work with Michael Batanin proving a generalized form of the Baez-Dolan Stabilization Hypothesis.
