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Consider the Banach space $L_1(\mathbb R^n, \mathbb R^n)$ of integrable vector fields $(n>1$) together with its subspace $N$ formed by those vectors fields whose divergence (computed in the distributional sense) is zero.

Is there any workable description of $N^{**}$?

Of course, even the description of $L_1^{**}$ is elusive, yet somewhat concrete (measures on the spectrum of $L_\infty$).

  • The annihilator of $N$ is called the space of closed currents.
  • $N$ is not complemented in $L_1(\mathbb R^n, \mathbb R^n)$ and $N^\perp$ is not complemented in $L_\infty(\mathbb R^n, \mathbb R^n)$.
  • $N$ is not an $L$-summand in $N^{**}$ (Godefroy--Lerner).

Is $N$ complemented in $N^{**}$?

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