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I've been trying to prove (maybe even disprove) the following inequality: $$ \sum_{n=1}^{N} \frac{a_n}{\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i}} \leq C \sqrt{\sum_{n=1}^{N}a_n} $$ Where $ a_1,...,a_N\geq 0 $ are some non-negative numbers, and $C$ is an absolute constant. Help will be much appreciated.

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    $\begingroup$ $C$ is absolute means that it is independent of $N$, right? Also, although it probably doesn't much matter, you say symbolically that the $a$'s are non-negative, but then write that they are positive. $\endgroup$
    – LSpice
    Apr 12, 2020 at 23:45
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    $\begingroup$ @LSpice You're right, my bad. As Iosif Pinelis expalined though, it doesn't really matter $\endgroup$
    – GuyK
    Apr 13, 2020 at 10:25

2 Answers 2

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For every $n\in\{1,\dotsc,N\}$, we have $$2\sqrt{\sum_{i\leq n} a_i}-2\sqrt{\sum_{i\leq n-1} a_i}=\frac{2a_n}{\sqrt{\sum_{i\leq n} a_i}+\sqrt{\sum_{i\leq n-1} a_i}}>\frac{a_n}{\sqrt{\sum_{i\leq n} a_i}}.$$ Summing these up, we obtain the inequality with $C=2$. It is also straightforward to see that for $C<2$ the inequality fails, hence $C=2$ is the optimal constant.

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Rewrite your inequality as $$lhs:=\sum_{n=1}^N \frac{s_n-s_{n-1}}{\sqrt{s_n}}\le C\sqrt{s_N},$$ where $s_n:=\sum_{i=1}^n a_i$. Note that $$\sum_{n=1}^N \frac{s_n-s_{n-1}}{\sqrt{s_n}}$$ is a lower Riemann sum for the integral $$\int_0^{s_N}\frac{ds}{\sqrt s}=2\sqrt{s_N}.$$ So, $$lhs\le2\sqrt{s_N},$$ as desired.


In the above proof, it was tacitly assumed that $a_i>0$ for all $i$. This can be obviously extended to the case when we only know that $a_i\ge0$ for all $i$ -- assuming that, by continuity, $\frac{a_n}{\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i}}:=0$ whenever $a_n=0$.

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