# Why was the factor $\frac12$ introduced in the Riemann $\xi$ function?

The factor $$\frac12$$ in the Riemann $$\xi$$ function:

$$\xi(s)=\frac12 s(s-1)\,\pi^{-s/2}\,\Gamma(s/2)\,\zeta(s)$$

was introduced by Riemann, however appears to be redundant. Once he had arrived at:

$$\pi^{-s/2}\,\Gamma(s/2)\,\zeta(s)$$

the remaining poles at $$s=0,1$$ could have been removed by the simpler factor $$s\,(s-1)$$. This would have also made the function entire and retains the reflection formula $$\xi(s) = \xi(1-s)$$.

A quite plausible explanation as to why the additional factor $$\frac12$$ was introduced, I found here. It boils down to the following trick:

$$\frac12s(s-1)\,\Gamma\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)=2\,\Gamma\left(\frac{s+4}{2}\right)-3\,\Gamma\left(\frac{s+2}{2}\right)$$

that serves as the first step towards deriving the well known Fourier integral expression for $$\xi(\frac12+it)$$. Splitting the LHS into $$\Gamma$$'s with constant weights, only works when the factor $$\frac12$$ is introduced and apparently this was a trick known to Riemann.

However, this is not the approach towards the Fourier integral that is attributed to Riemann in the well-known books about the Zeta-function of Titchmarsh (1986-edition p254/255) and Edwards (1974-edition p16/17, p41). These predominantly apply integration by parts to an integral representation of $$\xi(s)$$ and use a special relation involving $$\psi(x)$$ and $$\psi'(x)$$. But this approach doesn't seem to require the factor $$\frac12$$.

The only reference about the factor $$\frac12$$ that I have ever come across was in a footnote in a book or paper that (paraphrased) said: 'the factor $$\frac12$$ was introduced by Riemann in his 1859 paper and has since then stuck' (unfortunately I can't recall the precise source of this quote...).

Q1: Is there any reference to literature about why the factor $$\frac12$$ was introduced?

Q2: Does it actually matter that the factor $$\frac12$$ got 'stuck' in $$\xi(s)$$? It is obviously just a factor, but I could imagine that such a redundant factor would make certain formula less 'beautiful', e.g without the factor, $$\xi(0=\xi(1)=1$$ and the Hadamard product would simply be: $$\displaystyle \xi(s)=\prod_{\rho} \left(1-\frac{s}{\rho}\right)$$.

• A translation of Riemann's manuscript can be found at: claymath.org/sites/default/files/ezeta.pdf. It appears that $\xi(s)$ is defined there (page 3) without the factor of $1/2$ (or the factor of $s$). Dec 12, 2019 at 0:19
• I agree that factor of 1/2 is ridiculous and should not be there (e.g., without it $\xi(0) = 1$). In Riemann's paper (e.g., at the link posted by Mark Lewko) you see the reason Riemann had the $1/2$: he used not $\Gamma(s)$ but $\Pi(s) = \Gamma(s+1)$, for which $\Pi(n) = n!$. (Let's not get started about why we nowadays prefer the Gamma-function, whose value at $n$ is $(n-1)!$.) Since Riemann used $\Pi(s)$, on line -5 of page 3 he was led to $\Pi(s/2)(s-1)\pi^{-s/2}\zeta(s)$, which is $(1/2)s(s-1)\Gamma(s/2)\pi^{-s/2}\zeta(s)$, and there's the "extra" $1/2$ when using the $\Gamma$-function. Dec 12, 2019 at 0:57
• Your final comment about the Hadamard product seems strange. The standard formula is $\xi(s)=e^{A+Bs}\prod_\rho (1-s/\rho)e^{s/\rho}$ with $B=-\gamma/2-1+\log\sqrt{4\pi}$, and you've only changed the $e^A$ to be 1 instead of 1/2 Dec 12, 2019 at 4:19
• Riemann extended zeta to the complex plane, but of course Euler had worked with zeta for real $s$ long before, and there $\sum n^{-s}$ seems more natural than $2\sum n^{-s}$. So wasn't Riemann just trying to be consistent with previous practice? Dec 12, 2019 at 10:21
• @KConrad. Thanks, that makes a lot of sense. So, his train of thought could have been in the language of the paper: I have $\Pi(s/2-1)\pi^{-s/2}\zeta(s)$ and to remove the remaining poles at $s=0,1$, I have to multiply by $s(s-1)$ (i.e. remove the factor $1/(s(s-1))$ on line -7 of page 3) to obtain $s(s-1)\Pi(s/2-1)\pi^{-s/2}\zeta(s)$. Then he decided to further simplify by introducing a factor $\frac12$ and obtained: $\Pi(s/2)(s-1)\pi^{-s/2}\zeta(s)$ (line -5 of page 3). P.S. if you would be prepared to post your comment as an answer, I would gladly accept it.
– Agno
Dec 12, 2019 at 12:27

This factor of $$\frac12$$ is ultimately due to the fact that the usual integral representation is written as a Mellin transform, that is an integral over $$\mathbb{R}^\times_{>0}$$, whereas the "correct" integral is over $$\mathbb{R}^\times=\mathrm{GL}_1(\mathbb{R})$$.