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Let $G$ be a simple graph with vertex set $\{v_1,v_2,\ldots,v_n\}$. The adjacency matrix of $G$ is the 0-1 matrix $A$, where $A_{i,j}=1$ when $v_i$ is adjacent with $v_j$. The degree matrix is the diagonal matrix $D$ where $D_{i,i}$ is the degree of $v_i$.

It seems that for any graph $G$, the sum of elements in any product of any $A$'s and any $D$'s (in any order) is always even. Can any one give a proof for this observation? Is it a known result? Note that the sum of elements in any power of $A$ (or $D$ ) is even, giving the first evidence to the above observation.

For example, consider $$A= \left( \begin{matrix} 0&0&1&1\\ 0&0&1&0\\ 1&1&0&1\\ 1&0&1&0\\ \end{matrix} \right), D=\left( \begin{matrix} 2&0&0&0\\ 0&1&0&0\\ 0&0&3&0\\ 0&0&0&2\\ \end{matrix} \right).$$ One can verifies that $e^TAe=8,e^TDe=8,\ldots,e^TADAAADe=422,\ldots$ are all even, where $e=(1,1,1,1)^T$.

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1 Answer 1

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I think this is false.

Here is a graph and some code in Sage to compute the sum of elements of $AADAAD$ which appears to be odd.

8-vertex graph

I tried to prove it for a while, failed, so then decided to try some randomised searching on smallish graphs.

x = Graph('G?B@dW')
A = x.adjacency_matrix()
D = matrix.diagonal([x.degree(v) for v in x.vertices()])
j = matrix([1 for i in range(x.num_verts())])
j*(A*A*D*A*A*D)*j.transpose()
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  • $\begingroup$ Thanks for your reply. It seems that the parity of sums depends heavily on strings chosen. In some cases, the results are always even. I have failed to find even a counterexample using Mathematica. Maybe I used some bad strings such as 'ADAAD'. When I change it to AADAAD as you suggested, it does give a few graphs with sums odd. Thanks again. $\endgroup$
    – W. Wang
    Aug 22, 2019 at 15:28
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    $\begingroup$ At first sight I thought that the statement should either be obviously true or obviously false, so the fact that it took a little effort to find a counterexample makes me wonder if there is something interesting there. $\endgroup$ Aug 23, 2019 at 1:06
  • $\begingroup$ The entries of such products are counting homomorphisms from a graph $H$ determined by the string to the fixed graph $G$. So if the number of homomorphisms from $H$ to $G$ is even independent of $G$ (e.g., if $H$ is just an edge), then the sum of the entries will be even. To determine $H$, let $K_2$ be a complete graph on the two vertices $a$ and $b$. Then $A_{uv}$ is the number of homomorphisms from $K_2$ to $G$ where $a,b$ get mapped to $u,v$ respectively, and $D_{uv}$ is the number of homomorphisms where $a,a$ gets mapped to $u,v$ respectively (thus the zeros off the diagonal). $\endgroup$ Aug 24, 2019 at 15:43
  • $\begingroup$ For products see here: mathoverflow.net/questions/335072/… $\endgroup$ Aug 24, 2019 at 15:44

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