# Equations involving quasiperfect numbers: a first search of odd solutions for this type of equations or well succinct reasonings about these

In this post we study the following equations that involve quasiperfect numbers, denoted as $$x$$, that are integers such that the sum of all its positive divisors is equals to $$2x+1$$, and certain multiplicative functions These are the sum of divisors function $$\sum_{1\leq d \mid n}d$$ denoted as $$\sigma(n)$$, the Euler's totient function $$\varphi(n)$$ and the product of distinct prime numbers dividing an integer $$n>1$$ that is denoted $$\operatorname{rad}(n)=\prod_{\substack{p\mid n\\p\text{ prime}}}p\,.$$ The spirit of the post was to create equations involving these arithmetic functions, and now I ask if you can to find odd solutions of these equations (since I think that ask about what work can be done about these equations is very difficult to solve, I prefer in this ocassion ask about possible odd solutions, thus I present the following very similar equations/questions in which you can to find an odd solution you as a counterexample or well discuss from a theoretical/heuristic point of view if one can to hope odd solutions of our equations).

Thus a characterization of quasiperfect numbers is given as $$\sigma(x)=2x+1,$$

you can see for example the Wikipedia with title Quasiperfect number as a reference for this post.

Fact. If $$x$$ is a quasiperfect number then the following identities are satisfied $$\varphi(x^{\sigma(x)}\sigma(x)^x)=x^{2x}(2x+1)^{x-1}\varphi(x)\varphi(2x+1),\tag{1}$$ $$\sigma(x^{\sigma(x)}\sigma(x)^x)=\sigma\left(x^{2x+1}\right)\sigma((2x+1)^x)\tag{2}$$ and $$\operatorname{rad}\left(\frac{\varphi(x^{\sigma(x)}\sigma(x)^x)}{\varphi(x(2x+1))}\right)=\operatorname{rad}(x)\operatorname{rad}(2x+1).\tag{3}$$

As aside remark, one can also multiply by $$f(2^{\alpha})$$ previous equations, where $$\alpha$$ is a positive integer and $$f(n)$$ the corresponding multiplicative function in each identity.

Question. Can you find an odd integer $$1\leq X$$ satisfying the equation $$(1)$$, or well the equation $$(2)$$ or well the equation $$(3)$$? In other case, if it is possible, explain why one should expect or well should not expect odd solutions for each one or some of the previous equations $$(1)$$, $$(2)$$ or $$(3)$$. I understand in this ocassion succinct answers, with the purpose to accept an useful answer. Many thanks.

I got computational evidence about the following conjecture based on my computation, but due that the integers in previous equations are exponentials I prefer don't add it. In any case I write the conjecture that I've evoked in the second paragraph.

Conjecture. There aren't odd integers $$1\leq X$$ satisfying $$(1)$$ and there aren't odd integers $$1\leq X$$ satisfying $$(2)$$. Similarly, an odd integer $$X\geq 1$$ for which $$\varphi\left(X(2X+1)\right)\mid\varphi\left(X^{\sigma(X)}\sigma(X)^X\right)$$ will never satisfy the identity $$(3)$$.

I think that, now, previous Conjecture it is just a speculation, thus if you can add heuristics or claims yourself computational evidence add it as comments. Also I hope not to bore you with this equations, therefore if you have ideas to improve the mathematical content this type of equations add a comment

• Hi, all I think that an interesting question could be study $\operatorname{rad}(x)$ for $x$ a quasiperfect number. I can only to get obvious statements, if isn't in the literature feel free to study the question as a professional mathematician. – user142929 Aug 17 at 10:37