What subalgebras of $\mathfrak{so}(2n)$ or $\mathfrak{sp}(2n)$ are orthogonal to the centre of $\mathfrak{gl}(n)$? Consider the Lie algebra inclusions $\mathfrak{gl}(n) \subset \mathfrak{so}(2n)$ and $\mathfrak{gl}(n) \subset \mathfrak{sp}(2n)$. Let $\mathfrak{c} \subset \mathfrak{gl}(n)$ denote the centre. Thinking of it as a subspace of $\mathfrak{so}(2n)$ or $\mathfrak{sp}(2n)$, let $\mathfrak{c}^\perp$ denote the orthogonal complement (with respect to the Killing form).
Note that $\mathfrak{c}^\perp$ is not a Lie subalgebra of $\mathfrak{so}(2n)$ or $\mathfrak{sp}(2n)$, but it contains various subalgebras (e.g. $\mathfrak{sl}(n) \subset \mathfrak{c}^\perp$).

What are the (maximal) Lie subalgebras of $\mathfrak{c}^\perp$? Are there any for which the induced $2n$-dimensional representation is simple?

The specific case I care about is when $n=28$, and I look at $\mathfrak{sp}(56)$. Then I want to know if $\mathfrak{c}^\perp$ contains a subalgebra of type $\mathfrak{e}_7$. I suspect it does not, but I cannot prove it.
 A: If you are asking about the inclusions given by embedding of Dynkin diagrams, then I believe that the maximal subalgebras are codimension 1 subalgebras of the parabolic subalgebras  whose Levi part is $\mathfrak{gl}(n).$ 
The Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{sp / so}\; (2n)$ has triangular decomposition $\mathfrak{g}_{-1} \oplus \mathfrak{gl}(n) \oplus \mathfrak{g}_{1}.$  And $\mathfrak{gl}(n)$ acts irreducibly on either $\mathfrak{g}_{-1}$ or $\mathfrak{g}_{1}$. The orthocomplement of the center is in both cases $\mathfrak{g}_{-1} \oplus \mathfrak{sl}(n) \oplus \mathfrak{g}_{1}$ and the center of $\mathfrak{gl}(n)$ can be obtained by bracketing appropriate elements of $\mathfrak{g}_{-1} \oplus \mathfrak{g}_{1}.$ Thus $\mathfrak{sl}(n) \oplus \mathfrak{g}_1$ is a maximal subalgebra. The defining representation of $\mathfrak{g}$ is not simple when restricted to parabolic subalgebra. 
As Victor Protsak notes in the comments, similar construction works for other maximal parabolics.
A: Here is an example of a Lie subalgebra of $\mathfrak{c}^\perp$ for which the $2n$-dimensional remains simple, with $n=16$.
Consider the Lie group $\mathrm{Spin}(12)$, and its vector representation, which I will call $\mathbf{12}$, and its two half-spin representations, each of dimension $32$, which I will call $\mathbf{32}_\pm$. So for instance the adjoint representation is $\mathfrak{so}(12) = \operatorname{Alt}^2(\mathbf{12})$. Each half-spin representation supports a $\mathfrak{so}(12)$-invariant symplectic form.
Mathieu's group $\mathrm{M}_{12}$ has no 12-dimensional irreps, but its double cover $2\mathrm{M}_{12}$ has one (up to isomorphism) 12-dimensional irrep. It supports a symmetric invariant form, so it defines a (conjugacy class of) map(s) $2\mathrm{M}_{12} \to \mathrm{O}(12)$, and there is only one conjugacy class of irreducible maps like this. However, there are two conjugacy classes of irreducible maps $2\mathrm{M}_{12} \to \mathrm{SO}(12)$, exchanged by the outer automorphism thereof, because any copy of the 12-dimensional $2\mathrm{M}_{12}$-irrep is chiral.
Choose one of these maps $2\mathrm{M}_{12} \to \mathrm{SO}(12)$. The choice breaks the symmetry between the half-spin representations $\mathbf{32}_\pm$. Namely, one of them, which I will arbitrarily call $\mathbf{32}_+$, descends from $2\mathrm{M}_{12}$ to $\mathrm{M}_{12}$ and splits as the sum $\mathbf{16} \oplus \overline{\mathbf{16}}$ of a 16-dimensional complex irrep and its dual, and the other, $\mathbf{32}_-$, is nontrivially charged under the centre of $2\mathrm{M}_{12}$ and remains simple upon restriction.
Thus we have a commutative square:
$$ \begin{matrix} 2\mathrm{M}_{12} & \hookrightarrow & \mathrm{Spin}(12) \\ \downarrow & & \downarrow \\ \mathrm{GL}(16) & \hookrightarrow & \mathrm{Sp}(32) \end{matrix} $$
where the map $\mathrm{Spin}(12) \to \mathrm{Sp}(32)$ is via the representation $\mathbf{32}_+$. (Both horizontal arrows are inclusions, and both downward arrows have kernel of order $2$.)
Now look at the adjoint representation $\mathfrak{sp}(32)$, on which $2\mathrm{M}_{12}$ acts orthogonally, and the image therein $\mathfrak{c}$ of the centre of $\mathfrak{gl}(16)$. On the one hand, this centre is fixed by $2\mathrm{M}_{12}$, and in fact is the only fixed subspace. On the other hand, $\mathfrak{so}(12) \subset \mathfrak{sp}(32)$ remains simple when restricted to $2\mathrm{M}_{12}$. It follows that $\mathfrak{so}(12)$ and $\mathfrak{c}$ are orthogonal.
Thus $\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{so}(12) \subset \mathfrak{c}^\perp$. But by construction the $32$-dimensional defining represenation of $\mathfrak{sp}(32)$ restricts to $\mathfrak{g}$ as the irrep $\mathbf{32}_+$.
