This question concerns the (re)construction of a smooth projective curve $C$ over a field $k$, using the function field $K=K(C)$ of $C$. When $k$ is algebraically closed, this is described for instance in Hartshorne, I.6.
My questions are the following:
At a few points in the construction, Hartshorne uses that $k$ is algebraically closed, at other points at least that $k$ is infinite. Can one get around this, and use non-algebraically closed or even finite ground fields for reconstructing a curve from its function field?
In constructing a smooth projective curve from a finitely generated field $K$ of transcendence degree $1$ over $k$, one takes as the underlying points of the curve the discrete valuations on $K$, defines a topology on this set by declaring closed sets to be fintie or the whole set, and then building an appropriate sheaf of rings. Then one checks that the result is a smooth projective curve. Is there a slick way to describe the functor of points for this curve, instead of the associated locally ringed space?