# Estimate of the difference quotients in terms of an $L^{1,\infty}$ function

Let $$f \colon \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R$$ be a measurable function. Consider the following property:

(P) there exist a negligible set $$N \subset \mathbb R^d$$ and function $$T_f \in L^p(\mathbb R^d)$$ such that $$|f(x)-f(y)| \le |x-y| \left(T_f(x)+T_f(y)\right), \qquad \forall x,y \in \mathbb R^d \setminus N.$$

I believe that $$f$$ enjoys (P) if and only if $$f \in W^{1,p}(\mathbb R^d)$$ for $$p>1$$ (in this case, it is enough to take $$T_f = M_{\vert Df \vert}$$, being $$M$$ the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function). The difficult implication can be found e.g. in the book by Evans-Gariepy (p. 143, Theorem 3).

I am interested in the following relaxation of the property (P), namely:

(P$$^\prime$$) there exist a negligible set $$N \subset \mathbb R^d$$ and function $$T_f \colon \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R$$ such that:

1. it holds $$|f(x)-f(y)| \le |x-y| \left(T_f(x)+T_f(y)\right), \qquad \forall x,y \in \mathbb R^d \setminus N ;$$

2. for every $$\varepsilon > 0$$ there exists a function $$S_f \in L^1(\mathbb R^{d})$$ such that $$\Vert T_f - S_f \Vert_{L^{1, \infty}(\mathbb R^d)} < \varepsilon,$$ being $$L^{(1,\infty)}(\mathbb R^d)$$ the Lorentz space.

In other words, we are relaxing the integrability assumption of $$T_f$$, by asking that, albeit not in $$L^1$$, it is arbitrarily close (in the Lorentz sense) to an $$L^1$$ function (namely the function $$S_f$$).

I would like to know if a characterization of functions fulfilling (P$$^\prime$$) is available. I (of course) expect such a characterization to be formulated in terms of Besov spaces.

• You were supposed to ask a new question a characterization of BV :) – Piotr Hajlasz Mar 18 '19 at 20:15

The property (P) indeed characterizes the Sobolev space $$W^{1,p}$$.

Theorem 1. $$f\in W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^n)$$, $$1 if and only if $$f\in L^p$$ and there is $$0\leq g\in L^p$$ such that $$|f(x)-f(y)|\leq |x-y|(g(x)+g(y)) \ \ a.e.$$ Moreover the Sobolev norm is equivalent to $$\Vert f\Vert_{M^{1,p}}=\Vert f\Vert_p+\inf_g \Vert g\Vert_p,$$ where the infimum is over all functions $$g$$ satisfying the above condition.

That was proved in the paper:

P. Hajlasz, Sobolev spaces on an arbitrary metric space, Potential Analysis, 5 (1996), 403-415.

Since the characterization does not use the notion of derivative the characterization was used to define Sobolev spaces on metric-measure spaces. By now this is a very well developed part of analysis with plenty of publications.

Regarding characterization (P') this is what I know:

Theorem 2. $$f$$ belongs to the homogeneous Hardy-Sobolev space $$\dot{H}^{1,1}(\mathbb{R}^n)$$, if and only if there is $$0\leq g\in L^1$$ such that $$|f(x)-f(y)|\leq |x-y|(g(x)+g(y)) \ \ a.e.$$

This result was proved in:

P. Koskela, E. Saksman, Pointwise characterizations of Hardy-Sobolev functions. Math. Res. Lett. 15 (2008), 727-744.

Therefore functions in the Hardy-Sobolev space $$\dot{H}^{1,1}(\mathbb{R}^n)$$ satisfy (P').

Some comments about relation between the condition (P') and Besov spaces are given at the end.

Moreover, the case $$p=1$$ is very close to a characterization of the space $$W^{1,1}$$.

Theorem 3. $$f\in W^{1,1}(\mathbb{R}^n)$$ if and only if $$f\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^n)$$ and there is $$g\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^n)$$ such that $$|f(x)-f(y)|\leq |x-y|(M_{2|x-y|}g(x)+M_{2|x-y|}g(y))$$ Where $$M_Rg$$ is the Hardy-Littewood maximal function with supremum of averages over balls of radii less than $$R$$.

The proof is much more difficult than that of Theorem 1. Theorem 3 was proved in

P. Hajlasz, A new characterization of the Sobolev space. (Dedicated to Professor Aleksander Pelczynski on the occasion of his 70th birthday.) Studia Math. 159 (2003), 263-275.

For a more elaborate theatment of results related to Theorems 1 and 3, see also:

P. Hajłasz, Sobolev spaces on metric-measure spaces. In: Heat kernels and analysis on manifolds, graphs, and metric spaces (Paris, 2002), 173-218, Contemp. Math., 338, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2003.

There are many papers that study Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces from the perspective of the characterization od $$W^{1,p}$$ given in Theorem 1, see for example:

P. Koskela, D. Yang, Y. Zhou, Pointwise characterizations of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces and quasiconformal mappings. Adv. Math. 226 (2011), 3579–3621.

P. Koskela, D. Yang, Y. Zhou, A characterization of Hajłasz-Sobolev and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces via grand Littlewood-Paley functions. J. Funct. Anal. 258 (2010), 2637-2661.

Since $$f\in L^{1,\infty}$$ belongs (at least locally) to $$L^q$$ for all $$q<1$$ these results may apply to your question.