Estimate of the difference quotients in terms of an $L^{1,\infty}$ function Let $f \colon \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R$ be a measurable function. Consider the following property: 

(P) there exist a negligible set $N \subset \mathbb R^d$ and function $T_f \in L^p(\mathbb R^d)$ such that 
  $$
|f(x)-f(y)| \le |x-y| \left(T_f(x)+T_f(y)\right), \qquad \forall x,y \in \mathbb R^d \setminus N. 
$$

I believe that $f$ enjoys (P) if and only if $f \in W^{1,p}(\mathbb R^d)$ for $p>1$ (in this case, it is enough to take $T_f = M_{\vert Df \vert}$, being $M$ the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function). The difficult implication can be found e.g. in the book by Evans-Gariepy (p. 143, Theorem 3).
I am interested in the following relaxation of the property (P), namely: 

(P$^\prime$) there exist a negligible set $N \subset \mathbb R^d$ and function $T_f \colon \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R$ such that: 
  
  
*
  
*it holds  $$
|f(x)-f(y)| \le |x-y| \left(T_f(x)+T_f(y)\right), \qquad \forall x,y \in \mathbb R^d \setminus N ; 
$$
  
*for every $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists a function $S_f \in L^1(\mathbb R^{d})$ such that 
  $$
\Vert T_f - S_f \Vert_{L^{1, \infty}(\mathbb R^d)} < \varepsilon,
$$
  being $L^{(1,\infty)}(\mathbb R^d)$ the Lorentz space. 

In other words, we are relaxing the integrability assumption of $T_f$, by asking that, albeit not in $L^1$, it is arbitrarily close (in the Lorentz sense) to an $L^1$ function (namely the function $S_f$). 
I would like to know if a characterization of functions fulfilling (P$^\prime$) is available. I (of course) expect such a characterization to be formulated in terms of Besov spaces.
 A: The property (P) indeed characterizes the Sobolev space $W^{1,p}$. 

Theorem 1. $f\in W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, $1<p\leq\infty$ if and only if $f\in L^p$ and there is $0\leq g\in L^p$ such that $$
 |f(x)-f(y)|\leq |x-y|(g(x)+g(y)) \ \ a.e. $$ Moreover the Sobolev norm
  is equivalent to $$ \Vert f\Vert_{M^{1,p}}=\Vert f\Vert_p+\inf_g \Vert
 g\Vert_p, $$ where the infimum is over all functions $g$ satisfying
  the above condition.

That was proved in the paper:
P. Hajlasz, Sobolev spaces on an arbitrary metric space, Potential Analysis, 5 (1996), 403-415.
Since the characterization does not use the notion of derivative the characterization was used to define Sobolev spaces on metric-measure spaces. By now this is a very well developed part of analysis with plenty of publications.
Regarding characterization (P') this is what I know:

Theorem 2. $f$ belongs to the homogeneous Hardy-Sobolev space $\dot{H}^{1,1}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, if and only if  there is $0\leq g\in L^1$ such that $$
 |f(x)-f(y)|\leq |x-y|(g(x)+g(y)) \ \ a.e. $$ 

This result was proved in:
P. Koskela, E. Saksman,
Pointwise characterizations of Hardy-Sobolev functions.
Math. Res. Lett. 15 (2008), 727-744. 
Therefore functions in  the Hardy-Sobolev space $\dot{H}^{1,1}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ satisfy (P').
Some comments about relation between the condition (P') and Besov spaces are given at the end.
Moreover, the case $p=1$ is very close to a characterization of the space $W^{1,1}$.

Theorem 3. $f\in W^{1,1}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ if and only if $f\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and there is $g\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^n)$ such that $$
 |f(x)-f(y)|\leq |x-y|(M_{2|x-y|}g(x)+M_{2|x-y|}g(y)) $$  Where $M_Rg$
  is the Hardy-Littewood maximal function with supremum of averages over
  balls of radii less than $R$.

The proof is much more difficult than that of Theorem 1. Theorem 3 was proved in 
P. Hajlasz, A new characterization of the Sobolev space. (Dedicated to Professor Aleksander Pelczynski on the occasion of his 70th birthday.) Studia Math. 159 (2003), 263-275.
For a more elaborate theatment of results related to Theorems 1 and 3, see
also:
P. Hajłasz, Sobolev spaces on metric-measure spaces. In: Heat kernels and analysis on manifolds, graphs, and metric spaces (Paris, 2002), 173-218, Contemp. Math., 338, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2003.
There are many papers that study Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces from the perspective of the characterization od $W^{1,p}$ given in Theorem 1, see for example:
P. Koskela, D. Yang, Y. Zhou, Pointwise characterizations of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces and quasiconformal mappings. Adv. Math. 226 (2011),  3579–3621. 
P. Koskela, D. Yang, Y. Zhou, A characterization of Hajłasz-Sobolev and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces via grand Littlewood-Paley functions. J. Funct. Anal. 258 (2010), 2637-2661. 
Since $f\in L^{1,\infty}$ belongs (at least locally) to $L^q$ for all $q<1$ these results may apply to your question. 
