Is there an 11-term arithmetic progression of primes beginning with 11? i.e. does there exist an integer $C > 0$ such that $11, 11 + C, ..., 11 + 10C$ are all prime?
 A: For the sake of easy education let me mention the first simplest step toward finding $p$-long arithmetic progressions of primes which start with $p$.
Let $q$ be an arbitrary prime. Then the arithmetic progressions of more than $q$ integers must have a term divisible by $q$ when the difference of the progression is not divisible by $q$.
Now, let $\ p_0<p_1<\ldots\ $ be the sequence of all primes. Let there be a $p_n$-progression as described in this thread (in the first sentence of this answer/post). Then the difference of the progression must be divisible by the product of the previous primes, i.e. by
$$ \prod_{k<n}p_k. $$
Now, it is enough to check consecutive multiples of this product as the possible differences of the required progression.
Today, this remark would suffice toward a fast computation of the 11-progressions but around y.1992 it would make a computing station sweat for long hours (or days). But even in those days, the next step (a small theorem) was already good enough for computing even 13-progressions (but not 17-progressions).
A: Such an integer $C$ exists. The smallest $C$ with this property is $C=1536160080$.
I found this $C$ by computing the analogous number $C$ for a $3$-term prime arithmetic progression beginning with $3$, a $5$-term prime arithmetic progression beginning with $5$ and a $7$-term prime arithmetic progression beginning with $7$. This gave me the numbers $2,6,150$. When I plugged these into OEIS I found that the next term in this sequence is $1536160080$. You can see the relevant OEIS page here.
A: There seems to be an interest in $p$-app ($p$-long prime arithmetic progressions) which start with prime $p$. Thus, I've decided to put some $\LaTeX$ sweat into more information, as elementary as it is.



A $p$-app is an arithmetic progression
     $\ (p+t\!\cdot\! d\ :\ t=0\ldots n\!-\!1)\ $ such that all its terms are primes, and integer $\ d>1.\ $ Then a simple theorem assures us that
$$ \prod \mathbf P(p-1)\ |\ d $$
Where $\ \mathbf P(x)\ $ is the set of all primes $\ \le\ x.$
Given any prime $p$ we would like to find all we can about the $p$-app's (do they exist, etc.).



Let $\ D:=\prod\mathbf P(n_1)\ $ as above. In particular, we would like to know everything about $\ r\ $ such $\ d=r\cdot D,\ $ where $\ d\ $ is the difference of arbitrary $p$-app.
Thus, let $\ q\ $ be any prime not in the said $p$-app. Then
$$ d\not\equiv 0\mod q\quad \Longrightarrow\quad \forall_{0\le k< p}\quad p+k\cdot d\ \not\equiv 0 \mod q $$
Notations:   Let $\ \ /_n\ \ $ be the $\mod n\ $ division by non-$0$ integers which are not factors of $\ n,\ $ with the division value in $\ \{0\ldots\ n\!-\!1.$
Thus,
$$  d\not\equiv 0\mod q\quad \Longrightarrow\quad \forall_{0\le k< p}\quad k\ \ne (-p)\,\ /_q\,\ d   $$
In other words, looking at the division remaining options (and under the established notation),
THEOREM 1 
$$  d\not\equiv 0\mod q\quad \Longrightarrow\quad p\ \ \le\ \ (-p)\,\ /_q\,\ d\ \ <\ \ q $$
This significantly reduces the number of options for $\ d\ $ when it is (easily!) applied to all primes $\ q>p\ $ at the same time (in the same computer program).

APPLICATIONS



*

*Let prime $\ p>3\ $ be a younger sibling of prime $ q:=p+2.\ $ Then


$$ (-p)\,\ /_q\,\ d\,\ =\,\ -\!1\,\ \mbox{or}\ -\!2 $$
$\qquad$ (Thus, even one prime $\ q\ $ contributes to the computational savings).


*

*Let $\ p:=11\ $. The (see above) $\ D=2\cdot 3\cdot 5\cdot 7=210,\ $ and let $\ d := r\cdot D\ $ be the respective difference of an arbitrary $11$-app. Then, by the above THEOREM 1, when $\ d\not\equiv 0 \mod 13\ $ (i.e.
$\ d\not\equiv 0 \mod 13)\ $ then


$$ 2\,\ /_{13}\ d\ \equiv\ -\!1\,\ \mbox{or}\ -\!2\quad \mod 13 $$ 
or
$$ d\ \equiv\ -\!1\,\ \mbox{or}\ -\!2\quad \mod 13 $$
Since $\,\ d = r\cdot D = r\cdot 210 \equiv 2\cdot r\,\ \mod 13,\ $ and allowing for the divisibility $13\,|\,r,\ $ we finally obtain,
$$ r\,\ \equiv\,\ 0\ \mbox{or}\ 6\ \mbox{or}\ 12 \mod 13 $$
This reduces the amount of computation $\frac 3{13}\ $ time.
Then, taking into account another prime, $\ q:=17,\ $ we reduce the computation time again $\ \frac 7{17}\ $ times, or for a total saving
$$ \frac 3{13}\cdot\frac 7{17}\ =\ \frac {21}{221}$$
times (more then ten times faster), etc.
A: Siemion Fajtlowicz has been promoting the topic of $p$-long arithmetic progressions of primes which start with $p$ during 1993-4 (or longer). He and his colleague Micha Hofri got an $11$-long progression. Then, soon after, I got a small theorem which allowed me to get bunches of such $11$-progressions very fast, and also a lot of $13$-progressions (of $13$ primes starting with $13$) almost as quickly.
On the other hand, I conjectured that only a finite number of primes $p$ start $p$-progressions. Moreover, I believe that no prime $p>13$ starts any. Perhaps there is already none for $\ p=17$. (I got my results during 1994).
See also: http://primerecords.dk/aprecords.htm
