Completion of $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R})$ for a given norm Assume that $\lVert \cdot \rVert$ is a norm on the space of rapidly decaying functions $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R})$. Under which conditions on the norm can we say that the completion $\mathcal{X}$ for this norm is a Banach space such that
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}) \subseteq \mathcal{X} \subseteq  \mathcal{S}'(\mathbb{R}),
\end{equation}
where $A \subseteq B$ means that the topological vector space $A$ is continuously embedded in the topological vector space $B$. 
This is typically valid for the norm $\lVert \cdot \rVert_{L^2}$ but not for the norm $\lVert \mathrm{D} \cdot \rVert_{L^2}$, where $\mathrm{D}$ is the derivative operator.
NB. Here, the space of tempered generalized functions $\mathcal{S}'(\mathbb{R})$ is endowed with the weak* topology.
 A: I am not sure that this is what you want, but it's too long for a comment, so I post it as an answer. 
I don't see serious problems. If the conditions in terms of the theory of topological vector spaces will satisfy you, then you can consider the following. Your norm $\|\cdot\|$ must 


*

*be continuous on ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$ (in other words, the
unit ball $B$ of this norm must be a neighbourhood of zero in
${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$), and

*generate a topology on ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$ which is
stronger than the weak topology generated on ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb
R})$ by the duality $$ \langle f,g\rangle=\int_{\mathbb R}f(t)\cdot
g(t)\, d t,\quad f,g\in{\mathcal S}({\mathbb R}) $$ (in other words,
$\forall g\in{\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})\ \sup_{f\in{\mathcal
S}({\mathbb R}):\ \|f\|\le 1}|\langle f,g\rangle|<\infty$).
If you denote by ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})_{\|\cdot\|}$ the space ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$ endowed with the topology generated by such a norm, then you obtain a chain of continuous mappings
$$
{\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})\subseteq{\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})_{\|\cdot\|}\subseteq {\mathcal S}'({\mathbb R}),
$$
and the completion turns it into the chain 
$$
{\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})\subseteq X\to {\mathcal S}'({\mathbb R}).
$$
(since ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})_{\|\cdot\|}$ is normed, its completion consists of Cauchy sequences; on the other hand, by the Banach-Steinhaus theorem, ${\mathcal S}'({\mathbb R})$ is sequentially complete with respect to the ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$-weak topology, so the images of these sequences have limits in ${\mathcal S}'({\mathbb R})$).
The only detail which is not clear here is if the last mapping (the arrow $\to$) is injective. In general case completion does not preserve injectivity, so you should verify this in case that this is important for you. 
You can also consider the strong topology on ${\mathcal S}'({\mathbb R})$ (i.e. the topology of uniform convergence on bounded or, what is the same here, on totally bounded sets in ${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$), where the same reasoning works also.
A: In the general case of a normed linear space $X$ and a larger quasi-complete Hausdorff topological vector space $E$ (as $\mathcal S'$ is) with $X\subseteq E$ : it can be completed within $E$ iff its unit ball is closed for the topology induced on $X$ by $E$.
While this is a basic fact, I'm not sure it is present in textbooks. I found it in Laurent Schwartz's article Sous-espaces hilbertiens d'espaces vectoriels topologiques et noyaux associés (Noyaux reproduisants), 1964. The proof is for quadratic norms, but is clearly valid for any norms. An interesting counter-example he gives (p.130) is the squared norm $\int \psi^2+\psi(0)^2$ for which the completion is $\{(f,\alpha):f\in L^2,\alpha\in \mathbb R\}$, not a subspace of $E=\mathcal S'$.
For (squared) norms of the special form $\int_{\mathbb R^d}|\hat u(\xi)|^2|\xi|^{2s}\ d\xi$, the condition is $-\frac{d}2<s<\frac{d}2$. If $s\ge\frac{d}2$ the completion is a quotient, a Hilbert subspace of $\mathcal S'/P$ where $p\in P$ iff there is a sequence $\psi_n\to p$ (in $\mathcal S'$) s.t. $||\psi_n||\to 0$. In your case ($d=1$, $s=1$), $P$ is just the space of constant functions. (Idem in the critical case $s=\frac12$, but that's not as easy then). Your completion is the Hilbert space I would denote $D^{-1}L^2/P_0$.
