Disclaimer: I am a research mathematician, but not an algebraic geometer, and so I don't know if this is a good question. I welcome advice for improving it and/or better tags.
Let $K$ be an infinite field (I'm imagining $K=\mathbb{C}$).
Let $P_1, \dots, P_n$ be polynomials in $K[t_1,\dots, t_k, x_1,\dots,x_m]$. In the examples I have in mind, these polynomials all have total degree $\leq 2$, so if assuming this makes this question easier to answer, feel free to do so.
If we specialize $(t_1,\dots,t_k)$ to a point $t$ in $\mathbb{A}^k$, then the system of equations $P_1=\dots=P_n = 0$ cuts out a variety $V_t$ in $\mathbb{A}^m$, which we would expect to be of dimension $\max\{0,m-n\}$. For $l = 1, 2, \dots,$ define $$S_l = \left\{t \in \mathbb{A}^k ~\big|~ \dim(V_t) \geq \max\{0,m-n+l\}\right\}.$$
- What kind of set is $S_l$? Is it algebraic? If so (or if not!), is there an algorithm to describe it?
- (Assuming this question makes sense) is there a general upper bound in terms of $l$ on the dimension of $S_l$?
Example: take $m=n$ and $k=n^2$, and for $i=1,\dots,n$ let $P_i = t_{i,1}x_1 + \dots + t_{i,n}x_n.$ Then $S_l$ is the locus where the matrix $(t_{ij})$ has rank $\leq n-l$, and this set is cut out by the vanishing of some determinants.
