Galois groups via cohomology I would like to know about references for the following result (point 3): 
Let $K/k$ be a normal extension (I am interested in number fields, but everything should work in fields of characteristic $\ne 2$) with Galois group $G$, and let 
$L = K(\sqrt{\mu}\,)$ be a quadratic extension.


*

*$L/k$ is normal if and only if for every $\sigma \in G$ there is an
$\alpha_\sigma \in K$ such that $\mu^{\sigma-1} = \alpha_\sigma^2$.

*Let $L/k$ be normal. Then we can define an element $[\beta]$ in the second cohomology
  group $H^2(G,\mu_2)$ with values in $\mu_2 = \{-1,+1\}$ by setting
  $$ \beta(\sigma,\tau) = 
           \alpha_\sigma^\tau \alpha_\tau \alpha_{\sigma\tau}^{-1}. $$

*If $L/k$ is normal, then $[\beta]$ is the element of the second cohomology group 
attached to the group extension
$$  1 \rightarrow \mu_2 \rightarrow  Gal(L/k) \rightarrow  Gal(K/k) \rightarrow   1.  $$

 A: I don't have a reference, but it does not seem too hard.


*

*Assume $L/k$ normal, and take $\sigma \in G$, which can be extended to an element of $Gal(L/k)$. Then $\sigma(\sqrt{\mu})/\sqrt{\mu} \in L$, and if $\gamma$ is the nontrivial element of $Gal(L/K)$, $\sigma^{-1} \gamma \sigma$ is trivial on $K$, and being nontrivial on $L$ it has to be equal to $\gamma$. So $\gamma\left( \sigma(\sqrt{\mu})/\mu \right) = \sigma(\gamma(\sqrt{\mu}))/\gamma(\sqrt{\mu}) = \sigma(\sqrt{\mu})/\sqrt{\mu}$, so we can take $\alpha_{\sigma} = \sigma(\sqrt{\mu})/\sqrt{\mu}$, it is an element of $K$.
Now for the other way, take $\tilde{\sigma} \in Gal(\bar{L}/k)$. Denote the restriction of $\tilde{\sigma}$ to $K$ by $\sigma$. Then $\sigma(\sqrt{\mu})/\sqrt{\mu}= \pm \alpha_{\sigma}$ (this equality is in $\bar{L}$), so $\sigma(\sqrt{\mu}) = \pm \alpha_{\sigma} \sqrt{\mu} \in L$, so $L$ is normal.

*Consider a set-theoretic section $\sigma \mapsto \tilde{\sigma}$ for the surjective morphism $Gal(L/k) \rightarrow G$. Then the (up to a coboundary) 2-cocycle $\beta_0$ associated to the group extension is given by the formula $\tilde{\sigma} \tilde{\tau} = \beta_0(\sigma,\tau) \widetilde{\sigma \tau}$. Evaluating at $\sqrt{\mu}$ gives the equality between $\beta$ and $\beta_0$, if for every $\sigma \in G$, $\alpha_{\sigma} = \tilde{\sigma}(\sqrt{\mu})/\sqrt{\mu}$. You can always choose your section so that it is the case (change of section = associating a sign to each $\sigma \in G$).
EDIT: There's a left/right action problem, because $\beta_0(\sigma,\tau) = \sigma(\alpha_{\tau}) \alpha_{\sigma} \alpha_{\sigma \tau}^{-1}$ with what I wrote. I think it has to do with the fact that you use exponential notation, so somehow your action is on the right? Maybe you define $x^{\sigma} = \sigma^{-1}(x)$? Otherwise the definition of $\beta$ doesn't make it a 2-cocycle, with the definitions I know. Could you clarify?
