I've found and read a considerable amount about the density of cliques on non-random graphs, notably the paper "The Clique Density Theorem" by Reiher. I was wondering if there was any analogous work on the density of cliques on random graphs? I would love to learn about any results out there.
2 Answers
If by "density" you do not strictly restrict your question to quantitative results (in the sense of results about the numerical value of the clique density), but rather also more qualitative/structural/topological results, then the work of Matthew Kahle is very relevant to your question.
In particular, Kahle investigated the clique complex of $G(n,p)$. (Synonyms: flag complex, Vietoris--Rips complex). This is the abstract finite simplicial complex whose $d$-dimensional independent sets are precisely the $(d+1)$-cliques in the graph.
However, if you really mean "analogous work", in particular, analogous to theorems of Reiher, and of Razborov, in particular "work discovering a globally-convex-yet-piecewise-concave-dependency between $K^2$-density and $K^r$-density", then I think there simply does not exist anything analogous seen through the lens of (the measure of) $G(n,p)$. The dependency between $p$ and $K^r$-density appears convex.
A good start is Bollobos and Erdös (2008), which discusses a lower bound on the minimum number of cliques given statistics of the number of vertexes and edges.