What kind of line bundles have Chern class of Hodge type (2,0) or (0,2)? If $L$ is a complex line bundle on a topological space $X$, let $c_1(L)$ denote the image of its Chern class in $H^2(X;C)$.  A complex manifold structure on $X$ [ok which is also compact and say algebraic] splits $H^2(X,C)$ into $H^{2,0}$, $H^{1,1}$, and $H^{0,2}$.  If $L$ can be given a compatible complex structure, then $c_1(L)$ belongs to $H^{1,1}$.  It's rewarding to study the moduli space of isomorphism classes of compatible complex structures on a given $L$--for instance, this is another finite-dimensional complex manifold in a natural way.
One not-very-specific way to explain what a "compatible complex structure" is, is to say that it's a tensor on the total space of L, satisfying a differential equation.  Is there a natural kind of differential-geometric structure like this that one can put on a line bundle that guarantees that c_1(L) belongs to $H^{2,0}$ or $H^{0,2}$?  Is there an interesting moduli space of such structures?
Tim points out that the question is silly, because $H^{2,0}$ and $H^{0,2}$ do not intersect H^2(X;Z) (which classifies line bundles per Donu), but that there might be some integral classes in $H^{2,0} + H^{0,2}$, or the part of it that's stable by complex conjugation.  Is there a structure on a line bundle that lands its Chern class there?
 A: If you want a Hodge decomposition, you need assume something about $X$,
such as being compact and Kaehler. Let's say it is. Then I infer from your
question that "complex line bundle" means complex $C^\infty$ with $\mathbb{C}$ as fibre.
In this case, you can get anything in $H^2(X,\mathbb{Z})$ as a first  Chern class by using the exponential sequence
$$1 \to \mathbb{Z} \to O_X\to O_X^*\to 1$$
where I'm using $O_X$ etc for the sheaf of complex valued $C^\infty$ functions. The
sheaf is fine, so it implies what I said above.
A: When $(X,g,\omega)$ is a compact Kaehler surface, the integral classes representable as the real part of a (2,0)-form can be represented as the curvatures of anti-instantons.
One has two splittings of the $g$-harmonic 2-forms $\mathcal{H}^2_g(X)$: the Hodge-theoretic one, and the one determined by the Hodge star,
$$  \mathcal{H}^2_g(X) = \mathcal{H}^+_g(X) + \mathcal{H}^-_g(X), $$
into self-dual and anti-self-dual harmonic forms. 
The relation with the Hodge decomposition is that
$$ \mathcal{H}^+ = \mathbb{R}\omega \oplus (\mathcal{H}^{2,0}\oplus \mathcal{H}^{0,2})_{\mathbb{R}} $$
and
$$ \mathcal{H}^- = (\mathcal{H}^{1,1}_0)_{\mathbb{R}}$$
(trace-free part of the real (1,1)-forms).  We can check this pointwise, where it's linear algebra. The wonderful thing about Hodge theory is that it then implies the corresponding cohomology-level statement. (Note that $\mathcal{H}^\pm$ are maximal positive-definite (+) and negative-definite (-) subspaces of the wedge-product form on $H^2(X;\mathbb{R})$. So as a by-product we  get the Hodge index theorem.) 
Suppose that there's an integral class $c$ in $ (\mathcal{H}^{2,0}\oplus \mathcal{H}^{0,2})_{\mathbb{R}}$. It's represented by a hermitian line bundle $L_c$, and (by Hodge theory again) we can choose a unitary connection in $L_c$ whose curvature is harmonic and hence self-dual. 
Corrected: This connection, which is called an abelian anti-instanton, is not quite unique, because we could add to it $i$ times any closed 1-form; but if this closed form is exact, or represents $2\pi$ times an integral cohomology class, then the new connection is gauge-equivalent to the original one. Hence, the space of anti-instantons mod gauge is an torsor for the torus $H^1(X;S^1)$. The catch, I think, is that for generic Kaehler metrics in a fixed Kaehler class, there will be no such integral classes unless $\mathcal{H}^{1,1}_0=0$.
