Research-only permanent positions worldwide Most academic jobs involve some amount of teaching. Post-docs generally do not, but they are only short-term positions.

Question: in which countries can one obtain a research-only permanent position in mathematics? Please provide a link to a relevant website  if possible.

Please mention only one country per answer, and since there is obviously no best answer, this is a community-wiki question. 
 A: In Iran, there is the IPM(School of Mathematics).
A: Collège de France. There is an interview with Alain Connes, in which he mentions how it works. I think it is this one:
http://www.freewebs.com/cvdegosson/connes-interview.pdf
A: In Argentina, researchers almost always get a career at CONICET, which guarantees them a salary not dependent on their university position. 
Historically, though, it's been possible to earn a bit more by concurrently having a position at a university, so most researchers have teaching dutiues. I'm also guessing that without a professor position it might be difficult to have a solid enough CV to get promoted to the higher ranks of the research-only positions. 
A: Very similar to the Weizman Institute in Israel, there is the newly founded Institute of Science and Technology in Austria. 
A: In the US, you could try to follow in the footsteps of Gödel and land a job at the Institute for Advanced Study.
But do keep in mind what Richard Feynman thought about such research positions without teaching duties:

When I was at Princeton in the 1940s I could see what happened to
  those great minds at the Institute for Advanced Study, who had been
  specially selected for their tremendous brains and were now given this
  opportunity to sit in this lovely house by the woods there, with no
  classes to teach, with no obligations whatsoever. These poor bastards
  could now sit and think clearly all by themselves, OK? So they don't
  get any ideas for a while: They have every opportunity to do
  something, and they are not getting any ideas. I believe that in a
  situation like this a kind of guilt or depression worms inside of you,
  and you begin to worry about not getting any ideas. And nothing
  happens. Still no ideas come.
Nothing happens because there's not enough real activity and
  challenge: You're not in contact with the experimental guys. You don't
  have to think how to answer questions from the students. Nothing!

From: "Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman! – Adventures of a Curious Character"
A: In China, there are now a few institutes that have research-only positions. Some of these have been aggressively recruiting new tenure-track and tenured professors recently.


*

*The Institute of Mathematics, which is part of the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science (AMSS) in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The Morningside Center of Mathematics (MCM) is closely related, but they do not have permanent positions themselves.

*The Institute for Advanced Study (IASTU) at Tsinghua University.

*The Shanghai Center for Mathematical Studies (SCMS) at Fudan University.

*The Chern Institute of Mathematics (CIM) at Nankai University.

*The Westlake Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS).

A: Italy: CNR. Calls for positions are published online here (in Italian only and difficult to search for discipline). :(
Also, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, and the Gran Sasso Science Institute are not research-only, but they have only honors and PhD courses with a very small number of students.
A: More modestly, the CNRS in France. There are about 12 positions each year, roughly at the level of 3 years after Ph.D. But be aware that the competition is fierce.
A: In the US, one can find research-only positions in government (I'll direct the interested reader to usajobs.gov) .  Moreover, one can compete for grants in independent research; however, be prepared to "sell" the subject matter to a different audience (some, if not most, of whom are non-technical).  
After the probationary period, one can view this position as relatively secure. However, if you are unable to find someone to fund your efforts, they'll find something for you to do.
A: There are such positions at several pure research institutes in Russia and most of the other countries of the former Eastern Block. As far as I know, nowadays salarywise these positions are generally considered inferior to those at the universities (whereas in the Soviet era it was the opposite).
A: In Israel, there is the Weizmann institute of science.
A: In France again, IHES (Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques), maybe a kind of Princeton's IAS "à la française". 
A: Industry has some such opportunities, e.g. I know of Microsoft Research.
A: The Netherlands has CWI - Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (Centre for Maths and CS), Germany has a number of institutes within Max Planck system; they do employ mathematicians in research-only permanent positions, albeit is small numbers.
https://www.cwi.nl
https://www.mpim-bonn.mpg.de
A: In India, there are three such institutes


*

*Institute of Mathematical Sciences(Chennai) https://www.imsc.res.in

*Tata Instute(Mumbai) https://www.math.tifr.res.in/

*Harish Chandra Institute(Allahbad) https://www.hri.res.in
At all these places there is a graduate program; but teaching is voluntary, and there are some people who don't teach at all, however from what I have seen the very best people like MS Raghunathan, Mahan Mj or VS Sunder generally teach in both semesters. 
A: In Seoul, there is the Korea Institute for Advanced Study.
A: In Spain there is the CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Specifically the ICMAT employs mathematicians. The permanent staff at the CSIC are public employees with category equivalent to that of professors in public universities, although they are slightly better paid.
