# Is $\delta(df \wedge df)=0$ an Euler-Lagrange equation?


Edit: I narrowed the focus of the question.

Summary: I suspect $\delta(df \wedge df)=0$ is not an E-L equation because it pus too many constraints on $f$. Can this heuristic be formalized?

Let $\M,\N$ be $d$-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifolds, and let $f:\M \to \N$ be smooth; $df \in \Omega^1(\M,f^*{\TN})$, and for $1 < k \le d$ let $\bigwedge^k df\in \Omega^k\big(\M,\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})\big)$ be the induced map.

Notation:

$\nabla^{\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})}$ is the induced connection on $\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})$, $\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})}}$ is the adjoint of $d_{\nabla^{\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})}}$.

Question: Is $\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})}} \big( \bigwedge^k df \big) =0$ an Euler-Lagrange equation of some functional $E(f)$?

I suspect the answer is negative.

Edit: Can this be proved using known results on inverse problems in calculus of variations? e.g if we can show the equation in the Euclidean setting ($M=N=\mathbb{R}^d$) is not an E-L eq, then we are done.

(I am not aware of much work on such inverse problems in general Riemannian settings, but if the Euclidean can be decided, it's enough).

Heuristic:

$\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})}} \big( \bigwedge^k df \big) =0$ puts too many constraints on $f$:

$\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})}} \big( \bigwedge^k df \big) \in \Omega^{k-1}(\M,\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN}))$, so locally the "equation" is a system of ${d \choose k-1}{d \choose k}$ scalar equations.

However, it seems to me an Euler-Lagrange eq of a functional cannot consist of more than $\dim(f^*\TN)=d$ equations, since (roughly) this is the number of degrees of freedom we have in choosing the variation field $V\in\Gamma(f^*\TN)$.

More explicitly, since $dE(V)$ is linear in $V$, it should always be in the form of $dE(V)=\langle A(f),V \rangle$, where $A(f) \in \Gamma(f^*\TN)$ so the E-L eq should be in the form of $A(f)=0$.

Of course, this argument gives only an upper bound to the number of "independent" constraints - degeneracies can occur (e.g Null-Lagrangians).

So, suppose ${d \choose k-1}{d \choose k}>d$. Is it possible $\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_k(f^*{\TN})}} \big( \bigwedge^k df \big) =0$ is degenerate and reduces to no more than $d$ independent eqs (locally)?

Can we prove this is not happening? (If we can, than this shows our equation is not an E-L eq of any functional).

Analysis of the borderline cases:

We now turn to see what happens when ${d \choose k-1}{d \choose k}=d$. This happens (for $1 \le k \le d$) iff $k=1$ or $k=d$. The former corresponds to harmonicity. Suppose that $k=d$. We will try to understand if our equation is an E-L equation in this case.

For concreteness, let's work with $k=d=2$.

I proved in my answer that the E-L equation of the functional $$E_2(f)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{M} \| \bigwedge^2 df\|^2 \text{Vol}_{M}, \, \text{is}$$ $$h_{f^*\TN} \big( \tr_{\TM}\big( df \otimes \delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(f^*{\TN})}}(\bigwedge^2 df)\big) \bigg)=0.$$ Since $h_{f^*\TN}$ is injective in this case, the E-L eq is equivalent to $$\tr_{\TM}\big( df \otimes \delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(f^*{\TN})}}(\bigwedge^2 df)\big)=0. \tag{1}$$

When restricting the discussion to immersions, this reduces to $\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(f^*{\TN})}}(\bigwedge^2 df)=0$.

It is not clear what happens in the general case; If we don't assume $f$ is an immersion, are the equations equivalent? (If not, perhaps there is another way to realize $\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(f^*{\TN})}}(\bigwedge^2 df)=0$ as an E-L eq).

The problem is that we cannot conclude (at least not immediately) that at every point where $df$ is not invertible, $\delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(f^*{\TN})}}(\bigwedge^2 df)=0$. (We know $\bigwedge^2 df=0$ at the point, but $\delta$ is a differential operator, it sees beyond the pointwise behaviour).

Consider the following functional:

$$E_k(f)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{M} \| \bigwedge^k df\|^2 \text{Vol}_{M}.$$

Theorem:

The Euler-Lagrange equation of $E_2$, is $A(\phi)=0$, where $A(\phi) \in \Gamma(\phi^*\TN)$ is defined by

$$A(\phi)=h_{\phi^*TN}\bigg(\tr_{\TM}\big(d\phi \otimes \delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(\phi^*{\TN})}}(d\phi \wedge d\phi)\big)\bigg).$$

$$h_{\phi^*TN}:\phi^*TN \otimes \Lambda_2(\phi^*TN) \to \phi^*TN$$ is a linear map, which depend on the metric on $\N$, and is defined precisely below (see eq $(6)$, and replace $W$ with $\phi^*TN$).

Proof:

Let $\phi$ be a map $\M \to \N$, and $\phi_t:\M \to \N$ as smooth family, where $\phi_0=\phi$ and $\frac{\partial \phi_t}{\partial t}|_{t=0}:=V \in \Gamma(\phi^*(\TN))$. Then

$$\frac{d}{dt}|_{t=0}E(\phi_t)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{\M}\frac{\partial{}}{dt}|_{t=0} \| d\phi_t \wedge d\phi_t \|^2 \text{Vol}_{\M}= \int_{\M} \langle d\phi \wedge d\phi, \nabla_{\frac{\partial{}}{dt}} (d\phi_t \wedge d\phi_t)|_{t=0}\rangle \text{Vol}_{\M}. \tag{1}$$

It is well-known that $\nabla_{\frac{\partial{}}{dt}} d\phi_t|_{t=0}=\nabla^{\phi^*(TN)}V \in \Gamma(T^*\M \otimes \phi^*(\TN))$.

Now,

$$\bigg(\nabla_{\frac{\partial{}}{dt}} (d\phi_t \wedge d\phi_t)|_{t=0}\bigg)(X,Y)=$$ $$(\nabla_{\frac{\partial{}}{dt}} d\phi_t|_{t=0})(X) \wedge d\phi(Y)+d\phi(X) \wedge (\nabla_{\frac{\partial{}}{dt}} d\phi_t|_{t=0})(Y)=$$

$$\nabla V(X)\wedge d\phi(Y)+d\phi(X) \wedge \nabla V(Y)=$$

$$\big(\nabla V \wedge d\phi+d\phi \wedge \nabla V\big) (X,Y), \tag{2}$$

where $\nabla V \wedge d\phi+d\phi \wedge \nabla V \in \Omega^2\Big(\M,\Lambda_2 \big(\phi^*T\N\big)\Big)$ is defined by the last equality.

Thus, we have obtained

$$\nabla_{\frac{\partial{}}{dt}} (d\phi_t \wedge d\phi_t)|_{t=0}= \nabla V \wedge d\phi+d\phi \wedge \nabla V. \tag{3}$$

Define also $\xi=V \wedge d\phi \in \Omega^1\Big(\M,\Lambda_2 \big(\phi^*T\N\big)\Big)$.

Lemma: $d_{{\nabla}^{\Lambda_2(\phi^*T\N)}}(\xi)=\nabla V \wedge d\phi+d\phi \wedge \nabla V$.

Assuming the lemma, we combine equations $(1),(3)$ and get

$$\frac{d}{dt}|_{t=0}E(\phi_t)=\int_{\M} \langle d\phi \wedge d\phi, d_{{\nabla}^{\Lambda_2(\phi^*T\N)}}(\xi)\rangle \text{Vol}_{\M}=\int_{\M} \langle \delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(\phi^*{\TN})}}(d\phi \wedge d\phi),\xi\rangle \text{Vol}_{\M}. \tag{5}$$

To find the exact $E-L$ equations, one further step needs to be taken: $$V \to \langle \delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(\phi^*{\TN})}}(d\phi \wedge d\phi),\xi\rangle=\langle \delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(\phi^*{\TN})}}(d\phi \wedge d\phi),V \wedge d\phi\rangle$$ is a linear functional in $V$, so it can be expressed as $V \to \langle V, A(\phi) \rangle_{\phi^*\TN}$,

where $A(\phi) \in \Gamma(\phi^*\TN)$. The E-L equation is $A(\phi)=0$.

We now turn to finding an explicit expression for this "representation":

The corresponding pointwise linear algebra situation is this:

We have two oriented $d$-dimensional inner product spaces $V,W$, together with maps $A \in \Hom(V,W),B \in \Hom(V,\Lambda_2(W))$, and we look for a bilinear map $$\psi: \Hom(V,W) \times \Hom(V,\Lambda_2(W)) \to W,$$ satisfying

$$\langle w \wedge A,B \rangle_{\Hom(V,\Lambda_2(W))}=\langle w, \psi(A,B) \rangle_W \, \text{ for every w \in W}$$

Proposition: With the notation as above, $\psi(A,B)=h_W\big(\tr_{V} (A \otimes B)\big)$ where $h_W:W \otimes \Lambda_2(W) \to W$ is defined by the linear extension of

$$\tilde w \otimes (w_1 \wedge w_2) \to \langle \tilde w,w_2 \rangle w_1-\langle \tilde w,w_1 \rangle w_2. \tag{6}$$

Note $A \otimes B \in V^* \otimes V^* \otimes W \otimes \Lambda_2(W)$, so $\tr_{V} (A \otimes B) \in W \otimes \Lambda_2(W)$.

Proof:

It suffices to prove this for $A,B$ "pure" tensors, i.e $A=\alpha \otimes \tilde w,B=\beta \otimes (w_1 \wedge w_2)$, where $\alpha,\beta \in V^*,\tilde w,w_1,w_2 \in W$.

Now, on the one hand

$$\langle w \wedge A,B \rangle_{\Hom(V,\Lambda_2(W))}= \langle \alpha \otimes (w \wedge \tilde w) ,\beta \otimes (w_1 \wedge w_2) \rangle_{\Hom(V,\Lambda_2(W))}=$$

$$\langle \alpha , \beta \rangle_{V^*} \langle w \wedge \tilde w ,w_1 \wedge w_2 \rangle_{\Lambda_2(W)}.$$

On the other hand

$$\tr_{V} (A \otimes B)= \langle \alpha , \beta \rangle_{V^*} \tilde w \otimes (w_1 \wedge w_2).$$

Thus, it's enough to show

$$\langle w \wedge \tilde w ,w_1 \wedge w_2 \rangle_{\Lambda_2(W)}=\langle w , h_W\big(\tilde w \otimes (w_1 \wedge w_2)\big) \rangle_W,$$

but this nows follows directly form the definition of the induced inner product on $\Lambda_2(W)$, and the definition of $h_W$ (see $(6)$).

Using the above proposition, we deduce that $$A(\phi)=h_{\phi^*TN}\bigg(\tr_{\TM}\big(d\phi \otimes \delta_{\nabla^{\Lambda_2(\phi^*{\TN})}}(d\phi \wedge d\phi)\big)\bigg).$$